The papers reviewed herein address surface water flow phenomena and fluid mechanics relating to the mixing and transport of pollutants in the environment. It is recognized that mixing and transport represents an extremely broad subject area, and other contributions may exist in addition to those listed here. Thus, this review is intended to present a cross-section of the recent work in this broad subject area. After a summary of various general fluid mechanics and transport topics (including mixing in turbulent fields, general modeling issues, jets and plumes, mixing layers and stratified flows, and watershed and source issues), this paper summarizes research in riverine, lacustrine, estuarine, coastal, pelagic marine systems. The paper closes with additional topics of interest (including biotic interactions, gas transfer, and sediments).
GENERAL
Mixing and transport in turbulent fieldsTo characterize transport of passive scalars in isotropic turbulent flows, Yeung and Sawford (2002) developed a theory that incorporates random-sweeping hypothesis (in which small scales are effectively swept along by larger scales). Comparisons with direct numerical simulations provide support for the validity of the assumption. Balk (2002) developed a theory to characterize a passive tracer in a turbulent velocity field resulting from the superposition of random waves. He found that the field has two Literature Review 2003 2 regimes: a "close" regime, in which particles diverge exponentially, and a "large" regime, for which the spread of the tracer cloud follows a power law relationship.Weichman and Glazman (2002) also developed a theory to characterize spatial variations of a passive tracer in a random wave field, with consideration to the case of long, internal gravity waves. The effective horizontal compressibility of the wave velocity field has an important effect on the tracer variations for the inertial subrange associated with larger scales. Experiments were completed by Aliseda et al. (2002) to study the characteristics of heavy particles in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The results showed that large spatial and temporal inhomogeneities exist in the concentration field, which lead to the preferential concentration of particles into certain regions of the flow. This behavior affects the settling velocity.
General modeling issuesWhile limited material was found to address numerical modeling issues, these issues are still quite pertinent. For example, Berger and Howington (2002) look at discrete fluxes and mass balance in finite-element techniques. They show that by remaining consistent with discrete approximations, given by the finite-element statement, the resulting flux estimates will preserve mass balance. Also, Tsai et al. (2002) propose a study of an efficient hybrid finite-difference scheme for solving the dispersion equation with general Peclet conditions to simultaneously deal with pure advection, pure diffusion, and/or dispersion.