“…It should be pointed out that essentially the joint torque measurement is possible if there is a small, but nonzero, joint deformation. A complete model of elastic-joint manipulators, which accounted for the dynamics of both the rotors of the drive system and the link system, were developed in (Murphy et al, 1990). These models were used by many researchers for development and analysis of non-adaptive (Spong, 1987;Tomei, 1991) and adaptive (Lozano and Brogliato, 1992) controllers for flexible joint manipulators.…”