Simulation and Measurement of Through-Wall Residual Stresses in a Structural Weld Overlaid Pressurizer Nozzle

Abstract

Full structural weld overlays (FSWOLs) have been used extensively as a repair/mitigation technique for primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) in pressurizer nozzle dissimilar metal (DM) welds. To support an approved FSWOL design and safety submission for British Energy pressurized water reactor (PWR) nozzles, an in-depth evaluation was performed to assess the effects of a FSWOL on the through-wall residual stress distribution in safety/relief pressurizer nozzles. Two safety/relief pressurizer nozzle mockups were fabricated based on British Energy’s PWR nozzle design. One mockup included the nozzle to safe-end DM weld and the safe-end to stainless steel weld while the second mockup included the DM weld, the stainless steel weld and a Westinghouse-designed structural weld overlay. The mockups were fabricated utilizing materials and techniques that represented the plant-specific nozzles as closely as possible and detailed welding parameters were recorded during fabrication. All welds were subsequently nondestructively evaluated (NDE). A thorough review of the detailed fabrication records and the NDE results was performed and several circumferential positions were selected on each mockup for subsequent residual stress measurement. The through-wall residual stress profiles were experimentally measured through the DM weld centerline at the selected circumferential positions using both the deep hole drilling (DHD) and incremental deep hole drilling (iDHD) measurement techniques. In addition to experimental residual stress measurements, the through-wall residual stress profiles were simulated using a 2-D axisymmetric ANSYS™ finite element (FE) model. The model utilized kinematic strain hardening and the temperature constraint method which greatly simplified the simulation as compared to detailed heat source modeling methods. A range of residual weld stress profiles was calculated by varying the time at which the temperature constraints were applied to the model. The simulation results were compared to the measurement results. It was found that the effects of the FSWOL were principally three fold. Specifically, the FSWOL causes a much deeper compressive stress field, i.e., the overlay shifts tension out towards the outside diameter surface. Further, the FSWOL reduces tension in the underlying dissimilar metal weld, and finally, the FSWOL causes higher peak compressive and tensile residual stresses, both of which move deeper into the nozzle wall after the overlay is applied. Relatively good agreement was observed between the FE results and the measurements results.

Determination of residual stresses in welded components by finite element analysis

“…The standard of validation required depends on the sensitivity of subsequent structural integrity assessments to the presence of residual stress. Thus, high levels of validation may be required for assessments of safety-critical plant with the potential for brittle fast fracture, or where stress corrosion cracking is a concern (for example, see 30,47,[55][56][57][58][59] ). Three validation standards are defined:…”