Simulation and Observations of the Polar Tongue of Ionization at Different Heights During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storms

Клименко, М. В.; Zakharenkova, Irina; Клименко, В. В.; Lukianova, Renata; Cherniak, Iurii

doi:10.1029/2018sw002143

Cited by 17 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…The R2 FACs are shifted equatorward during geomagnetic disturbances and a 30-min time delay of the R2 FAC variations with respect to the CPCP variations [54] is used. Expansion and contraction of the polar cap and the observed clockwise rotation of the convection pattern are not taken into account in the GSM TIP model [21]. The model adopts the empirical model [55] for high-energy particle precipitation.…”

Section: Brief Description Of Upper Atmosphere Model For Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the GSM TIP model was used for interpretation of different aspects of the upper atmosphere response to the 2011 September storm [37,38] and the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm [6,20,21,29]. These studies revealed the essential role of the following factors in the formation of the long-lasting F region ionospheric disturbances: (1) the thermospheric wind enhancement 1-3 h after the storm onset; and (2) the changes in the atmospheric composition at the later stage of the storm.…”

Section: Brief Description Of Upper Atmosphere Model For Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is important to note that ionospheric effects from storm time electric field can be comparable to those from storm time thermospheric wind [16][17][18][19][20][21]. Rishbeth and Garriott showed [22] that the occurrence of the additional eastward/westward electric field leads to the additional electromagnetic drift with poleward/equatorward direction in the plane of the geomagnetic meridian and to the upward/downward plasma transport into the region of lesser/higher chemical loss rate, which leads to the positive/negative effects in the ionospheric F region electron density at low and middle latitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of High-, Mid- and Low-Latitude Responses in Regional Electron Content to Geomagnetic Storms

et al. 2020

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Geomagnetic storm is one of the most powerful factors affecting the state of the Earth’s ionosphere. Revealing the significance of formation mechanisms for ionospheric storms is still an unresolved problem. The purpose of the study is to obtain a statistical pattern of the response in regional electron content to geomagnetic storms on a global scale to interpret the results using the upper atmosphere model (the Global Self-consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, and Protonosphere), to make the detailed comparison with the thermospheric storm concept, and to compare the obtained pattern with results from previous statistical studies. The regional electron content is calculated based on the global ionospheric maps data, which allows us to cover the midlatitude and high-latitude zones of both hemispheres, as well as the equatorial zone. Most of the obtained statistical pattern agrees with the thermospheric storm concept and with the previous statistical studies: ionospheric responses at ionospheric storm main phases including their seasonal dependences for the high- and midlatitudes and some features of ionospheric responses at recovery phases. However, some of the statistical patterns are inconsistent with the thermospheric storm concept or contradicts the previous statistical studies: negative midlatitude ionospheric responses at recovery phases in the local winter, the domination of the spring response in the equatorial zone, seasonal features of the positive after-effects, the interhemispheric asymmetry of ionospheric responses, and the prestorm enhancement. We obtained that the contribution of electric field to the interpretation of the zonal and diurnal averaged storm-time regional electron content (REC) disturbances is insignificant. The positive after-storm effects at different latitudes are caused by n(O) disturbances.

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Section: Brief Description Of Upper Atmosphere Model For Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Brief Description Of Upper Atmosphere Model For Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of High-, Mid- and Low-Latitude Responses in Regional Electron Content to Geomagnetic Storms

et al. 2020

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“…The focal point of this study is the tongue of ionisation (TOI), which is a storm-time plasma density anomaly originating at the poleward edge of the SED anomaly, spreading anti-sunward across the polar cap and reaching the nightside auroral zone (Knudsen, 1974;Foster et al, 2005). The TOI anomaly has been observed during large geomagnetic storms using multiple radar systems (Foster et al, 2005) emphasising the role of cross-polar plasma transport by the enhanced E×B plasma convection flow.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polar tongue of ionisation during geomagnetic superstorm

2021

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Abstract. During the main phase of geomagnetic storms, large positive ionospheric plasma density anomalies arise at middle and polar latitudes. A prominent example is the tongue of ionisation (TOI), which extends poleward from the dayside storm-enhanced density (SED) anomaly, often crossing the polar cap and streaming with the plasma convection flow into the nightside ionosphere. A fragmentation of the TOI anomaly contributes to the formation of polar plasma patches partially responsible for the scintillations of satellite positioning signals at high latitudes. To investigate this intense plasma anomaly, numerical simulations of plasma and neutral dynamics during the geomagnetic superstorm of 20 November 2003 are performed using the Thermosphere Ionosphere Electrodynamics Global Circulation Model (TIE-GCM) coupled with the statistical parameterisation of high-latitude plasma convection. The simulation results reproduce the TOI features consistently with observations of total electron content and with the results of ionospheric tomography, published previously by the authors. It is demonstrated that the fast plasma uplift, due to the electric plasma convection expanded to subauroral mid-latitudes, serves as a primary feeding mechanism for the TOI anomaly, while a complex interplay between electrodynamic and neutral wind transports is shown to contribute to the formation of a mid-latitude SED anomaly. This contrasts with published simulations of relatively smaller geomagnetic storms, where the impact of neutral dynamics on the TOI formation appears more pronounced. It is suggested that better representation of the high-latitude plasma convection during superstorms is needed. The results are discussed in the context of space weather modelling.

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“…They also suggested the occurrence of SEDs/TOI in the Southern Hemisphere during these periods owing to the magnetically conjugate expansion of the convection electric field which is well in agreement with our results. Similarly, signatures of the polar TOI have been detected in the measurements of the SWARM electron density and GPS TEC in the Southern Hemisphere during the St. Patrick's Day storm of 2015 (Cherniak & Zakharenkova, 2016; Klimenko et al., 2019).…”

Section: Plausible Reasons For the Enhancements In The Tecmentioning

confidence: 76%

Geomagnetic Storm‐Induced Plasma Density Enhancements in the Southern Polar Ionospheric Region: A Comparative Study Using St. Patrick's Day Storms of 2013 and 2015

et al. 2020

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The occurrence of St. Patrick's Day (17 March) geomagnetic storms during two different years (2013 and 2015) with similar solar flux levels but varying storm intensity provided an opportunity to compare and contrast the responses of the ionosphere‐thermosphere (IT) system to different levels of geomagnetic activity. The evolution of positive ionospheric storms at the southern polar stations Bharati (76.6°S MLAT) and Davis (76.2°S MLAT) and its causative connection to the solar wind driving mechanisms during these storms has been investigated in this paper. During the main phase of both the storms, significant enhancements in TEC and phase scintillation were observed in the magnetic noon/ midnight period at Bharati and Davis. The TEC in the midnight sector on 17 March 2015 was significantly higher compared to that on 17 March 2013, in line with the storm intensity. The TEC enhancements during both the storm events are associated with the formation of the storm‐enhanced densities (SEDs)/tongue of ionization (TOI). The strong and sustained magnetopause erosion led to the prevalence of stronger storm time electric fields (prompt penetration electric field (PPEF)/subauroral polarization streams (SAPS)) for long duration on 17 March 2015. This combined with the action of neutral winds at midlatitudes favored the formation of higher plasma densities in the regions of SED formation on this day. The same was weaker during the 17 March 2013 storm due to the fast fluctuating nature of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) Bz. This study shows that the duration and extent of magnetopause erosion play an important role in the spatiotemporal evolution of the plasma density distribution in the high‐midlatitude ionosphere.

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Simulation and Observations of the Polar Tongue of Ionization at Different Heights During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storms

Cited by 17 publications

References 53 publications

Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of High-, Mid- and Low-Latitude Responses in Regional Electron Content to Geomagnetic Storms

Statistical Analysis and Interpretation of High-, Mid- and Low-Latitude Responses in Regional Electron Content to Geomagnetic Storms

Polar tongue of ionisation during geomagnetic superstorm

Geomagnetic Storm‐Induced Plasma Density Enhancements in the Southern Polar Ionospheric Region: A Comparative Study Using St. Patrick's Day Storms of 2013 and 2015

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