“…Five studies were conducted in the USA [ 9 , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] ], nine in Asia (Taiwan, Jordan, South Korea, Singapore, and Saudi Arabia) [ [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] ], and six in Europe (Turkey, France, Norway) [ [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] ], and two in Brazil [ 41 , 42 ]. Seventeen studies included simulation learning [ 9 , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , 28 , 30 , 31 , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] ], three studies included learning-teaching methods based on the course plan [ 29 , 32 , 33 ], one study included a skill demonstration video delivered by smartphone [ 27 ] and one included Web-based education [ 36 ]. The studies used different self-confidence measurement tools, with the Self-Confidence with Learning Scale [ 37 , 41 , 42 ], Confidence Level tool (CL) [ 24 , 25 ], Confidence in Communication Self-Assessment Survey [ 27 , 28 ], and Confidence Scale (C-scale) [ 34 , 35 ] being the most commonly used.…”