“…Table IV shows a comparison of the different assessment studies for HC FeCr productions with the CSAF+PH and CSAF+PR60% processes. The modelled GHG emissions for the production route of Case 2 (CSAF+PH) and Case 3 (CSAF+PR60%) in this work are 14-30% lower compared to other 51,56,57 There are a few reasons that could explain this. First, in this work, coke in Case 2 CSAF+PH route has a carbon content of 78% and the applied carbon emission factor of coke is 0.1077 kgCO 2 -eq/MJ independent of the composition.…”
Section: Energy Consumption and Ghg Emission Of Hc Fecr Productionmentioning
confidence: 77%
“…Material consumption in current process modelling is highly dependent on the material composition. In others' work, 51,56,57 the reductant with low carbon content may be used but not mentioned. Thus, it contributes to a higher reductant demand.…”
Section: Energy Consumption and Ghg Emission Of Hc Fecr Productionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Taking the process of CSAF+PH as an example, a 0.113 kgCO 2 -eq/kWh value is used as the Finnish electricity emission factor in this work. The data were collected from public data in 2020, while in Hamuyuni et.al's work 56,57 the Finnish grid mix emission factor (0.23882 kgCO 2 -eq/kWh) was collected from the commercial database Ecoinvent version 3.5 (2018).…”
Section: Energy Consumption and Ghg Emission Of Hc Fecr Productionmentioning
This work presents a process model developed based on mass and energy conservation to assess high carbon ferrochrome production from cradle to gate through four supply routes: (1) a conventional submerged arc furnace (SAF), (2) a closed submerged arc furnace with preheating (CSAF+PH), (3) a closed submerged arc furnace with 60% prereduction (CSAF+PR60%) and (4) a direct-current arc furnace (DCAF). The energy requirements are between 40 and 59 GJ/t FeCr (74–111 GJ/t Cr), and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions range between 1.8 and 5.5 tCO2-eq/t FeCr (3.3–10.3 tCO2-eq/t Cr). The upgrading of coal-powered SAF process to a closed furnace CSAF+PH and CSAF+PR60% contributes to an emission reduction of 23% and 18%, respectively. Moreover, the use of hydro-powered electricity leads to a further emission reduction of 68% and 47%, respectively. For CSAF+PR process, the GHG emissions can be reduced by 14% when increasing the pre-reduction ratio from 30% to 80% and decreased by 10% when charging hotter feed from 100 °C to 1000 °C. The proposed process model is feasible in generating site-specific inventory data and allowing for parameter studies as well as supporting companies to improve the transparency of the environmental performance in the FeCr value chain.
“…Table IV shows a comparison of the different assessment studies for HC FeCr productions with the CSAF+PH and CSAF+PR60% processes. The modelled GHG emissions for the production route of Case 2 (CSAF+PH) and Case 3 (CSAF+PR60%) in this work are 14-30% lower compared to other 51,56,57 There are a few reasons that could explain this. First, in this work, coke in Case 2 CSAF+PH route has a carbon content of 78% and the applied carbon emission factor of coke is 0.1077 kgCO 2 -eq/MJ independent of the composition.…”
Section: Energy Consumption and Ghg Emission Of Hc Fecr Productionmentioning
confidence: 77%
“…Material consumption in current process modelling is highly dependent on the material composition. In others' work, 51,56,57 the reductant with low carbon content may be used but not mentioned. Thus, it contributes to a higher reductant demand.…”
Section: Energy Consumption and Ghg Emission Of Hc Fecr Productionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Taking the process of CSAF+PH as an example, a 0.113 kgCO 2 -eq/kWh value is used as the Finnish electricity emission factor in this work. The data were collected from public data in 2020, while in Hamuyuni et.al's work 56,57 the Finnish grid mix emission factor (0.23882 kgCO 2 -eq/kWh) was collected from the commercial database Ecoinvent version 3.5 (2018).…”
Section: Energy Consumption and Ghg Emission Of Hc Fecr Productionmentioning
This work presents a process model developed based on mass and energy conservation to assess high carbon ferrochrome production from cradle to gate through four supply routes: (1) a conventional submerged arc furnace (SAF), (2) a closed submerged arc furnace with preheating (CSAF+PH), (3) a closed submerged arc furnace with 60% prereduction (CSAF+PR60%) and (4) a direct-current arc furnace (DCAF). The energy requirements are between 40 and 59 GJ/t FeCr (74–111 GJ/t Cr), and the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions range between 1.8 and 5.5 tCO2-eq/t FeCr (3.3–10.3 tCO2-eq/t Cr). The upgrading of coal-powered SAF process to a closed furnace CSAF+PH and CSAF+PR60% contributes to an emission reduction of 23% and 18%, respectively. Moreover, the use of hydro-powered electricity leads to a further emission reduction of 68% and 47%, respectively. For CSAF+PR process, the GHG emissions can be reduced by 14% when increasing the pre-reduction ratio from 30% to 80% and decreased by 10% when charging hotter feed from 100 °C to 1000 °C. The proposed process model is feasible in generating site-specific inventory data and allowing for parameter studies as well as supporting companies to improve the transparency of the environmental performance in the FeCr value chain.
“…The trials with coke consumed 29,436 kWh/t Alloy . Since the trials were carried out in a laboratory-scale furnace with a low energy efficiency, those values are not comparable with industrial values, which are normally in a range between 3000 and 3500 kWh/t Alloy 24 . Figure 6 Relative specific electric energy consumption of smelting trials for various reducing agents and various pre-reduction times.…”
The metallurgical industry is a major source of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This study explores the replacement of fossil-reducing agents with potentially CO2-neutral bio-based reducing agents. Since reducing agents remove oxygen bonded with metal oxides present in the ore, they are a necessity for the production of metallic elements. The investigated metal is chromium, a major part of stainless steel, and therefore a highly relevant element for the transition from a fossil-based energy system to a renewable one. The state-of-the-art smelting reduction and pre-reduction process followed by subsequent smelting using various reducing agents are investigated in this article. The obtained products, metallurgical efficiencies, energy consumption and off-gas generation were compared. While the products produced with bio-based reducing agents are comparable with the reference trials using metallurgical coke regarding the major components in the metal, the concentration of detrimental phosphorus is significantly higher using bio-based reducing agents. The metallurgical efficiency of the process is comparable to the usage of bio-based reducing agents and coke. However, the energy consumption and the generation of off-gas is higher, when coke is replaced by bio-based reducing agents.
PurposeThis study aims to address three research questions pertaining to climate neutrality within the supply chain of metal and mining industry: (1) How can an organization implement practices related to climate neutrality in the supply chain? (2) How do members of the supply chain adopt different measures and essential processes to assist an organization in responding to climate change-related concerns? (3) How can the SAP-LAP framework assist in analyzing and proposing solutions to attain climate neutrality?Design/methodology/approachTo address the proposed research questions concerning climate neutrality, this study employs a case study approach utilizing the SAP-LAP (situation, actor, process–learning, action, performance) framework. Within the SAP-LAP framework, adopting a natural resource-based perspective, the study thoroughly examines the intricacies and interactions among existing situations, pertinent actors and processes that impact climate initiatives within a metal and mining company.FindingsThe study's findings suggest that organizations can achieve the objective of climate neutrality by prioritizing resources and capabilities that lead to reduced GHG emissions, lower energy consumption and optimal resource utilization. The study further proposes key elements that significantly influence the pursuit of climate neutrality within enterprises.Research limitations/implicationsThis study is one of the earliest contributions to the development of a holistic understanding of climate neutrality in the supply chain of the metal and mining industry.Practical implicationsThe study will assist practitioners and policymakers in comprehending the present circumstances, actors and processes involved in enterprises' supply networks in order to attain climate neutrality in supply chains, as well as in taking the right steps to enhance performance.Originality/valueThis study presents a climate neutrality model and provides valuable insights into emission management, contributing to the achievement of the climate neutrality objective.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
