“…Additionally, it was recommended as a standard by the American Educational Research Association. 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 Nevertheless, this was clearly limited as only one study (1.3%) followed Messick’s modern concept of validity and featured all five validity criteria. 65 This corresponds to a surgical review that found only 6.6% of studies used the modern concept of validity.…”