The presence of cadmium ions (Cd2+) in environmental
samples demands a fast, sensitive, and selective analytical method
that can measure toxic levels. Biosensors based on aptamers (aptasensors)
have been developed, but some of them suffer from poor sensitivity
and specificity due to the immobilization of aptamers. Here, we employed
circular dichroism, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulation
to reveal that the aptamer gradually undergoes significant conformational
changes upon Cd2+ binding. This fact highlights the advantages
of biosensors based on free aptamers. So, keeping these results, an
analytical method was established for the detection of Cd2+ by utilizing capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), which is adapted
for the free aptamer. So, CZE equipped with aptamer as a detection
probe can detect Cd2+ within 4 min in the range from 5
to 250 nM with R
2 = 0.994, limit of detection
5 nM (signal-to-noise ratio = 3), and recovery from 92.6 ± 1.6
to 107.4 ± 1.0% in river water samples. Furthermore, the detected
concentration in water samples is below the harmful levels (267 nM)
recommended by World Health Organization standards in drinking water.
This method displays a high sensitivity and specificity for Cd2+. It is found to be superior to existing methods, which use
immobilized aptamers, and can be readily expanded to design aptasensors
for other targets.