“…To investigate the relevance of the pesticide exposure caused via water runoff events during the ricegrowing season we parameterised the PEARL model (Leistra et al, 2001) which was modified for applications in (flooded) paddy rice according to Ter Horst et al (2014). Although other models simulating pesticide fate in paddy rice exist (MED-Rice, 2003;Karpouzas et al, 2006;Inao et al, 2008;Inao and Kitamura, 1999;Watanabe et al, 2006;Young, 2012) the PEARL model was selected because it is a field scale model that simulates the runoff and pesticide concentrations in the runoff. Furthermore, the model is freely available and allows calibration without an extensive dataset being available (Ter Horst et al, 2014).…”