“…Yan et al (2022a) found that neither C f nor the 0.8 f u restriction is necessary for designing HSS rectangular hollow section (RHS) X-joints in tension based on the experimental data presented in (Becque and Wilkinson, 2017; Björk and Saastamoinen, 2012; Feldmann et al, 2016; Tuominen and Björk, 2017; Yan et al, 2022a). The mechanical behaviour of joints beyond the experimental configuration is commonly studied using a verified finite element (FE) model (Björk and Saastamoinen, 2012; Huang et al, 2021; Kim et al, 2019; Lan et al, 2019, 2021; Lee and Kim, 2018; Lee et al, 2017; Liu et al, 2018; Ma et al, 2015; Mohan and Wilkinson, 2022; Tuominen and Björk, 2017; Xin et al, 2021). As the joints fail by a fracture in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) or in the base material (BM), it is essential to conduct an advanced numerical study considering both the stress-strain relationship of HAZ and the material damage model.…”