Simulation of Energy Used for Vehicle Interior Climate

Nielsen, Filip; Gullman, Sam; Wallin, Fredrik; Uddheim, Åsa; Dalenbäck, Jan-Olof

doi:10.4271/2015-01-9116

Cited by 14 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Figure 12(a) and Figure 12(b) show that the model was able to calculate the refrigerant pressure at the suction port and the discharge port of the compressor, leading to a reasonably accurate calculation of the compressor power (Figure 12(c)). The results achieved here are more accurate than those reported by Nielsen et al 33 and Orofino et al 57 and are comparable with the results reported by Ling et al; 28 therefore, it can be concluded that the air-conditioning submodel and the battery-cooling submodel are appropriate for the intended application.…”

Section: Air-conditioning Subsystemsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…For test points 1 to 3, both the evaporator and the chiller are in the circuit; for test points 4 to 6, only the evaporator is present in the circuit (the chiller is isolated); for test points 7 to 9, only the chiller is present in the circuit (the evaporator is isolated). et al 33 and Orofino et al 57 and are comparable with the results reported by Ling et al; 28 therefore, it can be concluded that the air-conditioning submodel and the battery-cooling submodel are appropriate for the intended application.…”

Section: Transient Verification Of the Refrigeration Circuit And The supporting

confidence: 79%

“…Vehicle cabin models are often developed and used for a variety of purposes, such as calculating the thermal loads, [33][34][35] designing the ventilation systems 36,37 and understanding the localised thermal conditions experienced by passengers; [38][39][40][41] therefore, such models have various degrees of fidelity and complexity. When the primary aim is to calculate the overall thermal conditions of the cabin, lengthy simulations can be avoided by using lumped-parameter models which neglect the spatial distribution of temperature and the irregularity of materials within the cabin.…”

Section: The Cabin Subsystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The heat transfer to the air enclosed in the cabin occurs primarily by convection. In modelling the convection between the cabin air and the interior, an average heat transfer coefficient as a function of the interior air flow was used, on the basis of the method proposed by Nielsen et al 33 and Zhang et al 36 Once the total heat flow to cabin air is calculated, the net internal energy of the cabin air can be calculated from the first law of thermodynamics on the assumption that air enters and exits the cabin at the same flow rate. The above approach leads to a total of four unknown parameters (the split between the heat capacities of the lower interior and the upper interior, in addition to three shape factors) that should be calibrated to complete the description of the required thermal interactions.…”

Section: Modelling the Cabinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Developing a model for analysis of the cooling loads of a hybrid electric vehicle by using co-simulations of verified submodels

Shojaei

McGordon

Robinson

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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The requirement for including the air-conditioning and the battery-cooling loads within the energy efficiency analyses of a hybrid electric vehicle is widely recognized and has promoted system-level simulations and integrated modelling, escalating the challenge of balancing the accuracy and the speed of simulations. In this paper, a hybrid electric vehicle model is created through co-simulation of the passenger cabin, the air conditioning, the battery cooling, and the powertrai. Calibration and verification of the submodels help determine their accuracy in representing the target vehicle and achieve a balance between the model fidelity and the simulation speed. The result is a model which has a higher accuracy and a higher speed than those of similar models developed previously and which provides a reliable tool for a thorough investigation of the cooling loads for different ambient conditions and different duty cycles.Keywords Vehicle simulations, system-level simulations, co-simulations, hybrid electric vehicle model, energy efficiency of a hybrid electric vehicle, cooling load Date

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Section: Air-conditioning Subsystemsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Transient Verification Of the Refrigeration Circuit And The supporting

confidence: 79%

Section: The Cabin Subsystemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modelling the Cabinmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Developing a model for analysis of the cooling loads of a hybrid electric vehicle by using co-simulations of verified submodels

Shojaei

McGordon

Robinson

et al. 2017

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Nielsen et al [28,29] simulate the energy consumption of a Volvo S60, modeling the HVAC system and the vehicle cabin. Furthermore, the approach considers the air handling unit as well as the engine and its cooling system.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of HVAC on the Development of Autonomous and Electric Vehicle Concepts

et al. 2022

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Automation and electrification are changing vehicles and mobility. Whereas electrification is mainly changing the powertrain, automation enables the rethinking of the vehicle and its applications. The actual driving range is an important requirement for the design of automated and electric vehicles, especially if they are part of a fleet. To size the battery accordingly, not only the consumption of the powertrain has to be estimated, but also that of the auxiliary users. Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) is one of the biggest auxiliary consumers. Thus, a variable HVAC model for vehicles with electric powertrain was developed to estimate the consumption depending on vehicle size and weather scenario. After integrating the model into a tool for autonomous and electric vehicle concept development, various vehicle concepts were simulated in different weather scenarios and driving cycles with the HVAC consumption considered for battery sizing. The results indicate that the battery must be resized significantly depending on the weather scenario to achieve the same driving ranges. Furthermore, the percentage of HVAC consumption is in some cases higher than that of the powertrain for urban driving cycles, due to lower average speeds. Thus, the HVAC and its energy demand should especially be considered in the development of autonomous and electric vehicles that are primarily used in cities.

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Size-resolved simulation of particulate matters and CO2 concentration in passenger vehicle cabins

Wei

Nielsen

Ekberg

et al. 2022

Environ Sci Pollut Res

Self Cite

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The main aim of this study is to develop a mathematical size-dependent vehicle cabin model for particulate matter concentration including PM2.5 (particles of aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) and UFPs (ultrafine particles of aerodynamic diameter less than 100 nm), as well as CO2 concentration. The ventilation airflow rate and cabin volume parameters are defined from a previously developed vehicle model for climate system design. The model simulates different filter statuses, application of pre-ionization, different airflow rates and recirculation degrees. Both particle mass and count concentration within 10–2530 nm are simulated. Parameters in the model are defined from either available component test data (for example filter efficiencies) or assumptions from corresponding studies (for example particle infiltration and deposition rates). To validate the model, road measurements of particle and CO2 concentrations outside two vehicles were used as model inputs. The simulated inside PM2.5, UFP and CO2 concentration were compared with the inside measurements. Generally, the simulation agrees well with measured data (Person’s r 0.89–0.92), and the simulation of aged filter with ionization is showing higher deviation than others. The simulation using medium airflows agrees better than the simulation using other airflows, both lower and higher. The reason for this may be that the filter efficiency data used in the model were obtained at airflows close to the medium airflow. When all size bins are compared, the sizes of 100–300 nm were slightly overestimated. The results indicated that among others, expanded filter efficiency data as a function of filter ageing and airflow rate would possibly enhance the simulation accuracy. An initial application sample study on recirculation degrees presents the model’s possible application in developing advanced climate control strategies.

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Simulation of Energy Used for Vehicle Interior Climate

Cited by 14 publications

References 19 publications

Developing a model for analysis of the cooling loads of a hybrid electric vehicle by using co-simulations of verified submodels

Developing a model for analysis of the cooling loads of a hybrid electric vehicle by using co-simulations of verified submodels

The Impact of HVAC on the Development of Autonomous and Electric Vehicle Concepts

Size-resolved simulation of particulate matters and CO2 concentration in passenger vehicle cabins

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