“…In practical applications, scholars have realized the MPM's superiority in several fields, including aerospace [35], explosion analysis [36], high-speed collision [37][38][39], biomechanics [40], and geotechnical engineering [41]. In the geotechnical field, the MPM has been specifically applied to the slope [6,7,[42][43][44][45], dam [46], multifield coupling [47], and fracture analysis [48], yielding compelling results.…”