Simulation of Helical Gear Forming of Az31 Magnesium Material

Ayer, Önder

doi:10.12913/22998624/70998

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, many researchers have stressed the importance of calculating strain-hardening coefficients such as a strength coefficient, c, and a strain-hardening exponent, n. They are particularly essential when selecting heat treatment technological parameters or elaborating metal forming technology for steel [22,23], aluminium alloys [24,25], magnesium alloys [26,27], pure copper [28], powder metallurgy materials [29,30], or plasticine [31,32], or even MMC (metal matrix composite) materials [33,34]. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of annealing on the strain-hardening parameters, and the c and n coefficients are determined and can be used in numerical simulations and experimental tests of 42CrMo4 steel components dedicated for metal forming [35,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Annealing Time and Temperature Parameters on the Microstructure, Hardness, and Strain-Hardening Coefficients of 42CrMo4 Steel

et al. 2020

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The study presents the effect of annealing process parameters on the microstructure, hardness, and strain-hardening coefficients, that is, the strength coefficient c and the strain-hardening exponent n, of 42CrMo4 steel. Seven selected annealing time–temperature schemes are examined for superior steel formability in cold metal forming conditions. The c and n coefficients are first determined in experimental upsetting of annealed samples and then used in FEM (finite element method) simulations of the upsetting process. The results demonstrate that the strain-hardening coefficients (c and n) depend on the employed annealing scheme. Compared with the as-received sample, the annealing process reduces the true stress and effectively decrease the hardness of 42CrMo4 steel; improves microstructural spheroidization; and, consequently, facilitates deformability of this material. The annealing schemes, relying on heating the material to 750 °C and its subsequent slow cooling, lead to the highest decrease in hardness ranging from 162 to 168 HV. The results obtained with the SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer), LOM (light optical microscopy), and XRD (X-ray diffraction) methods lead to the conclusion that the employed heat treatment schemes cause the initial ferritic-pearlitic microstructure to develop granular and semi-lamellar precipitation of cementite enriched with Mo and Cr in the ferrite matrix. In addition, the annealing process affects the growth of α-Fe grains. The highest cold hardening rate, and thus formability, is obtained for the annealing scheme producing the lowest hardness. The results of FEM simulations are positively validated by experimental results. The obtained results are crucial for further numerical simulations and experimental research connected with developing new cold metal forming methods for producing parts made of 42CrMo4 steel.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Annealing Time and Temperature Parameters on the Microstructure, Hardness, and Strain-Hardening Coefficients of 42CrMo4 Steel

et al. 2020

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show abstract

“…Additionally, many researchers have stressed the importance of calculating strain hardening coefficients such as a strength coefficient, c, and a strain hardening exponent, n. They are particularly essential when selecting heat treatment technological parameters or elaborating metal forming technology for steel [22,23], aluminium alloys [24,25], magnesium alloys [26,27], pure copper [28], powder metallurgy materials [29,30] or plasticine [31,32] or even MMC materials [33,34]. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of annealing on the strain hardening parameters, the c and n coefficients are determined and can be used in numerical simulations and experimental tests of 42CrMo4 steel components dedicated for metal forming [35,36].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Annealing Time and Temperature Parameters on the Microstructure, Hardness and Strain-Hardening Coefficients of 42CrMo4 Steel

Szala

Winiarski

Wójcik

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The study presents the effect of annealing process parameters on the microstructure, hardness and strain hardening coefficients i.e., the strength coefficient c and the strain hardening exponent n, of 42CrMo4 steel. Seven selected annealing time-temperature schemes are examined for superior steel formability in cold metal forming conditions. The c and n coefficients are first determined in experimental upsetting of annealed samples and then used in FEM simulations of the upsetting process. The results demonstrate that the strain hardening coefficients (c and n) depend on the employed annealing scheme. Compared to the as-received sample, the annealing process reduces the true stress and effectively decrease the hardness of 42CrMo4 steel, improves microstructural spheroidization and, consequently, facilitates deformability of this material. The annealing schemes relying on heating the material to 750 °C and its subsequent slow cooling lead to the highest decrease in hardness ranging from 162 to 168HV. Results obtained with the SEM-EDS, LOM and XRD methods lead to the conclusion that the employed heat treatment schemes cause the initial ferritic-pearlitic microstructure to develop granular and semi-lamellar precipitation of cementite enriched with Mo and Cr in the ferrite matrix. In addition, the annealing process affects the growth of α-Fe grains. The highest cold hardening rate, and thus formability, is obtained for the annealing scheme producing the lowest hardness. The results of FEM simulations are positively validated by experimental results. Obtained results are crucial for further numerical simulations and experimental research connected with developing new cold metal forming methods for producing parts made of 42CrMo4 steel.

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Numerical analysis of a two-stage forming process for a hollow part with external flange

Winiarski

Bulzak

Szala

2021

J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.

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This paper presents the results of a numerical analysis of a two-stage forging process for producing a hollow part with an external flange. The numerical analysis was performed via the finite element method using Deform-2D/3D. The analysed case included a cold forming process. The billet was a tube made of a low alloy steel grade 42CrMo4 with its flow curve described by a constitutive equation. The forming process involved the use of two operations: extrusion and forging in a tapered die cavity. The objective of the study was to determine whether the proposed forming technique could be used for production of hollow flanged parts. The kinematics of material flow, distributions of effective strains and the Cockcroft–Latham ductile fracture criterion, as well as force parameters were examined. The conducted research confirmed the correctness of the proposed method.

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Simulation of Helical Gear Forming of Az31 Magnesium Material

Cited by 4 publications

References 20 publications

Effect of Annealing Time and Temperature Parameters on the Microstructure, Hardness, and Strain-Hardening Coefficients of 42CrMo4 Steel

Effect of Annealing Time and Temperature Parameters on the Microstructure, Hardness, and Strain-Hardening Coefficients of 42CrMo4 Steel

Effect of Annealing Time and Temperature Parameters on the Microstructure, Hardness and Strain-Hardening Coefficients of 42CrMo4 Steel

Numerical analysis of a two-stage forming process for a hollow part with external flange

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