Simulation of High Altitude Effects on Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions

Human, David M.; Ullman, Terry L.; Baines, Thomas M.

doi:10.4271/900883

Cited by 27 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…The percentage of oxygen in the atmosphere decreasing with the increment of altitude can influence the efficiency of gas consumption and vehicular emission mechanism. Previous research focusing on the effect of altitude on vehicle on-road emissions indicated that vehicular emissions at high altitude can be much higher than observed at sea level [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. As shown in Figure 3 , among the six levels of altitude, the Cu concentrations at 1,400 m (M = 13.73 mg/kg; S.D.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Traffic Activity on Heavy Metal Concentrations of Roadside Farmland Soil in Mountainous Areas

Zhang

Yan

Zeng

et al. 2012

IJERPH

110

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Emission of heavy metals from traffic activities is an important pollution source to roadside farmland ecosystems. However, little previous research has been conducted to investigate heavy metal concentrations of roadside farmland soil in mountainous areas. Owing to more complex roadside environments and more intense driving conditions on mountainous highways, heavy metal accumulation and distribution patterns in farmland soil due to traffic activity could be different from those on plain highways. In this study, design factors including altitude, roadside distance, terrain, and tree protection were considered to analyze their influences on Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations in farmland soils along a mountain highway around Kathmandu, Nepal. On average, the concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb at the sampling sites are lower than the tolerable levels. Correspondingly, pollution index analysis does not show serious roadside pollution owing to traffic emissions either. However, some maximum Zn, Cd, and Pb concentrations are close to or higher than the tolerable level, indicating that although average accumulations of heavy metals pose no hazard in the region, some spots with peak concentrations may be severely polluted. The correlation analysis indicates that either Cu or Cd content is found to be significantly correlated with Zn and Pb content while there is no significant correlation between Cu and Cd. The pattern can be reasonably explained by the vehicular heavy metal emission mechanisms, which proves the heavy metals’ homology of the traffic pollution source. Furthermore, the independent factors show complex interaction effects on heavy metal concentrations in the mountainous roadside soil, which indicate quite a different distribution pattern from previous studies focusing on urban roadside environments. It is found that the Pb concentration in the downgrade roadside soil is significantly lower than that in the upgrade soil while the Zn concentration in the downgrade roadside soil is marginally higher than in the upgrade soil; and the concentrations of Cu and Pb in the roadside soils with tree protection are significantly lower than those without tree protection. However, the attenuation pattern of heavy metal concentrations as a function of roadside distance within a 100 m range cannot be identified consistently.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Traffic Activity on Heavy Metal Concentrations of Roadside Farmland Soil in Mountainous Areas

Zhang

Yan

Zeng

et al. 2012

IJERPH

110

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“…Lodommatos et al (1998) demonstrated that increasing the temperature of the air entering diesel engines generally increases BC aerosols which could be due to the fact that hot air could favour diesel combustion. Human et al (1990) showed that the air with low density over higher altitude stations increases particulate emission from diesel engines. The correlations between ΔT and [BC] over Darjeeling indicates the dominance of vehicular emission during premonsoon compared to winter.…”

Section: Effect Of Wind Speed and Temperature On Bc Concentrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Black Carbon Aerosols over Darjeeling - A High Altitude Himalayan Station in Eastern India

Sarkar

Chatterjee

Singh

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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A continuous monitoring of black carbon (BC) aerosols was carried over a high altitude station Darjeeling (27°01′N, 88°15′E; 2200 m a.s.l.) at eastern part of Himalaya in India during January 2010-December 2011. In this article, we have presented the results of our analysis of the data collected during this interval. This study is focused on the investigation of the temporal variations, potential sources, long-range transport of BC aerosols along with the meteorological impact on these aerosols. BC is found to exhibit strong seasonal variation with the maximum concentration during premonsoon (5.0 ± 1.1 µg/m 3 ) followed by winter (3.9 ± 2.2 µg/m 3 ), postmonsoon (2.9 ± 1.0 µg/m 3 ) and minimum during monsoon (1.7 ± 0.7 µg/m 3 ). BC concentration varied between 0.2-12.8 µg/m 3 with an average of 3.4 ± 1.9 µg/m 3 over the entire period of study. The diurnal variation of BC aerosol shows sharp morning and evening peaks associated to the local anthropogenic activities as well as the impact of up-slope mountain wind. Amongst the long distant sources, BC concentration associated with the transport from Middle East countries and passing over South West countries like Pakistan, Afghanistan and IndoGangetic Plain is found to be comparatively higher. It is observed that the contributions of local emissions, long-range transport and mountain wind transport are approximately 56%, 27% and 17%, respectively, towards the total BC loading over Darjeeling during premonsoon. Fossil fuel emissions during premonsoon and biomass burning during winter are the major sources of BC with the overall dominance of fossil fuel burning throughout the entire study period. The BC concentration over Darjeeling is found to be much higher than any other high altitude stations in India and Nepal and even higher and comparable with some of the metro-cities in India.

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“…Other effect of the lower density is the increase of the lift-off, which increases the fresh air penetration in the jet decreasing initial soot formation (7; 8). Other group of studies on altitude influence are performed in altimetric tests benches (11). The tests are performed by simulating altitude conditions in the test cell environment, what involves large volume because of the need of high mass flow renewal without pressure and temperature variations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the role of altitude on diesel engine performance and emissions using an atmosphere simulator

Bermúdez

Serrano

Gómez

et al. 2017

International Journal of Engine Research

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Forthcoming directives from European Commission will force homologation in altitude to approach standards to actual driving conditions in order to reduce the gap between regulated and real-life emissions. This work presents the use of a dedicated atmosphere simulator to analyse the impact of altitude on performance and emissions of a turbocharged Diesel engine. The presented equipment provides engine intake and exhaust pressure to reproduce high altitude conditions. Main advantages are related to cost savings with respect to round-robin testing campaigns ensuring controlled ambient conditions at the different altitudes. The paper shows the main features of the altitude simulator under steady-state and transient operation and the ability to control temperature at the same time that pressure according to ISA specifications. The experimental results highlight the need of specific testing facilities to perform calibration tasks as key tool to comply with future emission standards in a cost-effective manner. In particular, regulated emissions measured at altitude are shown to clearly exceed that permitted at sea-level emphasising the need to explore new dedicated engine control strategies for pollutant abatement under altitude operation.

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Simulation of High Altitude Effects on Heavy-Duty Diesel Emissions

Cited by 27 publications

References 1 publication

Influence of Traffic Activity on Heavy Metal Concentrations of Roadside Farmland Soil in Mountainous Areas

Influence of Traffic Activity on Heavy Metal Concentrations of Roadside Farmland Soil in Mountainous Areas

Characterization of Black Carbon Aerosols over Darjeeling - A High Altitude Himalayan Station in Eastern India

Analysis of the role of altitude on diesel engine performance and emissions using an atmosphere simulator

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