Simulation of Quenching: A Review

Gür, C. Hakan; Şimşir, Caner

doi:10.1520/mpc104479

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 183 publications

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“…The process involves the coupling of different complex physical mechanisms: heat transfer between a dynamical multiphasic fluid problem and the solid piece, a metallurgical transformation problem, and a solid-mechanic stress problem. The piece's thermal evolution hugely conditions the final properties of the piece, as it is strongly coupled to the material microstructure evolution and the mechanical problem, which finally determine the tensional state of the piece and its deformation (see [2] for a complete review on the coupling and modeling of the different mechanisms).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modeling for the Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Quenched Automotive Steel Pieces

Coroas,

Viéitez,

Martín

et al. 2023

Materials

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In this work, we present an efficient numerical tool for the prediction of the final microstructure, mechanical properties, and distortions of automotive steel spindles subjected to quenching processes by immersion in liquid tanks. The complete model, which consists of a two-way coupled thermal–metallurgical model and a subsequent (one-way coupled) mechanical model, was numerically implemented using finite element methods. The thermal model includes a novel generalized solid-to-liquid heat transfer model that depends explicitly on the piece’s characteristic size, the physical properties of the quenching fluid, and quenching process parameters. The resulting numerical tool is experimentally validated by comparison with the final microstructure and hardness distributions obtained on automotive spindles subjected to two different industrial quenching processes: (i) a batch-type quenching process with a soaking air-furnace stage prior to the quenching, and (ii) a direct quenching process where the pieces are submerged directly in the liquid just after forging. The complete model retains accurately, at a reduced computational cost, the main features of the different heat transfer mechanisms, with deviations in the temperature evolution and final microstructure lower than 7.5% and 12%, respectively. In the framework of the increasing relevance of digital twins in industry, this model is a useful tool not only to predict the final properties of quenched industrial pieces but also to redesign and optimize the quenching process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Modeling for the Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Quenched Automotive Steel Pieces

Coroas,

Viéitez,

Martín

et al. 2023

Materials

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“…The finite element method (FEM) has become the primary tool in the quenching process design and optimization [13,14]. Several researchers have studied the distortion behaviour of components during immersion quenching using the FEM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of vacuum oil quenching on distortion of 42CrMo Navy C-ring

Liu

Tian

et al. 2022

Materials Science and Technology

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To better analyse the process parameters effects on distortion, a multi-field coupling simulation of the 42CrMo Navy C-ring vacuum oil quenching process is performed using DEFORM software. The cooling curves of different processes are measured using a stainless-steel probe, and the heat transfer coefficients are calculated by solving the inverse heat conduction problem to accurately predict the transient temperature field. The numerical analysis results demonstrate that increasing the oil temperature rarely affects the distortion. Decreasing the agitation frequency from 50 to 10 Hz can reduce the distortion by 48%. The pressure above the quenching tank has the most effect on distortion, as increasing the pressure from 10 to 50,000 Pa increases the gap by 1.5 times.

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“…There has been a considerable number of papers where the characteristic time-and temperature-dependent HTC curves for a Jominy end quench test [12][13][14][15] have been studied and validated [16,17]. In a recent review [18], it is stated that for simple geometries (such as the one studied in this paper), using a temperature-dependent only HTC should be accurate enough. Furthermore, this reference suggests using a smooth and continuous HTC and avoid a piecewise definition (such as those calculated by inverse methods) to improve FEM model convergence.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Accuracy of Finite Element Models Predicting Residual Stresses in Quenched Stainless Steel

Medina-Juárez

Moat

García-Pastor

2019

Metals

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Prediction of residual stress profiles after quenching is important for a range of industry applications. Finite element method (FEM) models have the capability of simulate the cooling and stress evolution during quenching; however, they are very dependent on the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) imposed on the surface. In this paper, an analysis of the HTC effect on the accuracy of the residual stress profile after quenching a 304L stainless steel Jominy sample was conducted. The FEM model was validated in its thermal accuracy using thermocouples and the residual stress profile was measured using the contour method. The results show that a thermally validated FEM model may yield results which overestimate the tensile residual stress and underestimates the compressive residual stress maxima while accurately calculating the maxima positions from the quenched edge. The FEM model accuracy was not improved by modifying the HTC or by using a different thermal expansion coefficient. The results are discussed in terms of the effect of plasticity due to twinning in the residual stresses calculated by the FEM model.

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Simulation of Quenching: A Review

Cited by 9 publications

References 183 publications

Numerical Modeling for the Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Quenched Automotive Steel Pieces

Numerical Modeling for the Prediction of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Quenched Automotive Steel Pieces

Effects of vacuum oil quenching on distortion of 42CrMo Navy C-ring

On the Accuracy of Finite Element Models Predicting Residual Stresses in Quenched Stainless Steel

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