Simulation of the gas-assisted injection moulding process using a viscoelastic extension to the Cross-WLF viscosity model

Abstract

An approximation to the viscoelastic Maxwell model is developed and combined with a Cross-WLF shear- and temperature-dependent model as a means of introducing aspects of viscoelasticity into the Cross-WLF model at a low computational cost. The main objective of the model is to simulate the gas-assisted injection moulding (GAIM) process with the aspect of a material's strain history included. It is shown that the model gives a transient and steady response comparable to the Doi–Edwards viscoelastic model in constant rate shear and uniaxial deformations, and follows WLF temperature dependence. The model is implemented in a three-dimensional finite element code using the ‘pseudo-concentration’ method to model the polymer and gas phases. The ordinary Cross-WLF model had demonstrated a consistent under-prediction of residual wall thickness (RWT) measurements in comparison to experimental results. It is shown that the viscoelastic extension to the Cross-WLF model gives a marked increase in RWT and exhibits aspects of stress relaxation and history dependence. The model is tested against variations of other process control parameters. It is shown that the simulation gives the correct qualitative response for all control parameters assessed, with quantitative prediction within a factor of 2.

Reprocessing Possibilities of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate)–Hemp Fiber Composites Regarding the Material and Product Quality

“…It should be noted that viscosity curves were experimentally obtained in narrow shear rate ranges. Very often, in practice and in scientific work, special rheological models are used to extrapolate viscosity values to shear rate areas for which no experimental tests have been carried out [ 55 , 69 , 70 ]. The experimentally obtained viscosity curves were extrapolated using the Cross–WLF (Cross-Williams–Landel–Ferry) model [ 71 , 72 ]: where:…”

Numerical simulation of multi-point forming accuracy for polycarbonate sheet

“…Þ are extracted from the stress-strain curve with the same temperature and strain rate, then they are substituted into equation (2) to get equation (3), finally the parameters C 1 and C 2 are determined by solving equation (3). Two points 1 , ", _ " 1 , T ð Þ and 2 , ", _ " 2 , T ð Þ are extracted from two different strain rate curves with the same temperature and strain, then they are substituted into equation (2) to get equation ( 4), finally the parameter m is determined by solving equation (4).…”

“…The most important processing methods of thermoplastics are extrusion 1 and injection molding. 2 Other processing methods include calendering, blow molding, thermoforming, compression molding and rotational molding. In the above processing methods, the thermoforming is usually used to form thermoplastic sheet.…”