Atomistic force field parameters were developed for the TiO 2 −water interface by systematic optimization with respect to experimentally determined crystal structures (lattice parameters) and surface thermodynamics (water adsorption enthalpy). Optimized force field parameters were determined for the two cases where TiO 2 was modeled with or without covalent bonding. The nonbonded TiO 2 model can be used to simulate different TiO 2 phases, while the bonded TiO 2 model is particularly useful for simulations of nanosized TiO 2 and biomatter, including protein− surface and nanoparticle−biomembrane simulations. The procedure is easily generalized to parametrize interactions between other inorganic surfaces and biomolecules.
■ INTRODUCTIONBiomolecules interacting with inorganic objects are fundamental in nanobiotechnological applications such as surfaceattached biomolecules for target delivery of drug molecules, 1 protein adsorption to medical implants, 2 protein−nanoparticle interactions 3 and, not least, to understand the molecular mechanisms of nanotoxicity. 4 The contact points between inorganic surfaces and biomatter (the nanobio interface 5 ) can be tracked with experimental techniques like dynamic light scattering (DLS), 6−8 chromatography 9,10 and/or spectroscopy, 11,12 but only by indirect measurements.On the other hand, computer simulations can in principle be used to directly calculate interactions at the nanobio interface, covering system sizes ∼1000 Å and time scales ∼1000 ns. These windows are highly relevant when modeling the nanobio interface, but outside the realm of quantum mechanics. This calls for "classical" models with atomistic or semiatomistic (atoms being grouped into effective interaction centers) representations in computer simulations of nanobio interactions, parametrized to reproduce properties relevant to the nanobio interface. Substantial effort has been invested during the last decades to develop classical molecular models for biomolecules (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, etc.), but there has been no comparable endeavor to include inorganic materials into the models. The state of classical models aimed to describe the nanobio interface remains underdeveloped, largely because of the difficulties involved with representing the electronic structure of the inorganic material by interacting point particles. The present work is an attempt to close this modeling gap by developing atomistic force field parameters for the TiO 2 −water interface. We use an automated algorithm that is extended to accept arbitrary experimental data as targets in the parameter fitting. The method can easily be generalized to develop force field parameters for other inorganic surfaces and biomolecules. In an accompanying paper, 13 we use the optimized force field parameters to address the other long-standing problem in nanobio simulationsaccurate sampling of biomolecules near inorganic surfacesand to compute binding free energies of amino acid side chain analogues and a peptide to the TiO 2 surface.T...