Simulation of the Radar Cross Section of a Noctuid Moth

Addison, Freya I.; Dally, Thomas; Duncan, Elizabeth J.; Rouse, James; Evans, William Lloyd; Hassall, Christopher; Neely, Ryan R.

doi:10.3390/rs14061494

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Wings have discernible effects on radar reflections from animals (Addison et al, 2022), and wing‐flapping has noticeable signature in VLR, which is used for target classification (Rosa et al, 2016; Zaugg et al, 2008). We used WFF, average pulse width, average pulse length (hereafter together PP), and the pause rate (Figure 1) to describe wing‐flapping characteristics, and flight altitude, speed and radar cross section (RCS, related to target size, Chilson et al, 2017; O'mara et al, 2014; Mirkovic et al, 2016), which interact differently with wing‐flapping characteristics in birds and bats (Ellington, 1991; Grodzinski et al, 2009; Norberg & Rayner, 1987; Pennycuick, 2008).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BATScan: A radar classification tool reveals large‐scale bat migration patterns

Werber,

Sextin,

Yovel

et al. 2023

Methods Ecol Evol

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1. Bat movement and behaviour are still mostly understudied over large scales. Highaltitude, nocturnal activity makes visual identification of bats from the ground virtually impossible, dramatically hindering our ability to study their movement ecology.Despite the wide use of radar in aeroecology, its application to study specific taxa is limited due to incomplete target classification abilities. BATScan is a bat classifier for vertical-looking radar data, which enables identifying bats and characterizing their unique aeroecology.2. We constructed the classifier using data from 10 radar deployments, covering a wide range of habitats on a central bird migration flyway over a 7-year period, comprising ~18 million observations. We analysed animal migration above the Hula Valley, home to over 30 species of bats spanning a range of 5-150 g in size and exhibiting a variety of ecological characteristics. We distinguished bat-labelled radar echoes for training according to phenology, morphology and movement ecology of bats, birds and insects. Several non-bat datasets were constructed and joined to train classifiers under increasing levels of difficulty. Class imbalance in the resulting training data was handled using a generative adversarial network for up-sampling the much smaller bat dataset.The resulting classification tool reached a high level of accuracy and precision, and was further scrutinized with an extensive set of ecological validations.3. Bats perform seasonal migrations over long distances, but little is known about the spatial and temporal characteristics of this movement, and the ability to study it at a large scale has so far been limited. We present the Israeli BATScan dataset, containing over 60,000 bat observations spanning the entire country and representing multiple habitats. Using this data, we produce an unprecedented large scale, highly detailed documentation of the yearly movements of bats on a major migration flyway, and distinguish this pattern from bird migration over space and time. 4. So far, radar aeroecology dealt primarily with birds, increasingly with insects, and only rarely with bats. We present BATScan, a classification tool that can incorporate bats into the framework of radar aeroecology to finally enable a comprehensive description of animal aeroecology. | 1765Methods in Ecology and Evoluঞon WERBER et al.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

BATScan: A radar classification tool reveals large‐scale bat migration patterns

Werber,

Sextin,

Yovel

et al. 2023

Methods Ecol Evol

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“…The key to retrieving the bird number is to build a function, i.e., obtaining the average RCS of birds. Bird average RCS can be estimated by means of simulation [15,17,18] or actual measurement [19] in a microwave darkroom, but it requires a lot of effort to build bird geometric models or acquire experimental data in a darkroom. In addition, the number of samples is limited, leading to a lack of representativeness.…”

Section: Bird Quantitative Observation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantification of Migration Birds Based on Polarimetric Weather Radar

Wang,

Mao,

Cui

et al. 2023

Remote Sensing

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Weather radar plays an important role in monitoring aerial animal migration, providing a stable data source for biological studies with large-scale coverage and consecutive-time samples. The accurate estimation of bird density from weather radar echoes is fundamental for quantitative biological studies. We analyzed the bird observation model in weather radar, and proposed a method to build the bird quantification model by jointly utilizing dual-polarization Doppler weather radar and scanning bird radar. We designed a detailed process to remove tracks or echoes from non-bird targets, ensuring the effectiveness of bird observations. The field experiments validated the quantification method, showing that the average radar cross section of birds in Jinan was 19.09 dBscm (i.e., 81.19 cm2; 95% confidence interval, CI: 18.92–19.27 dBscm) for the S-band weather radar, with an R2 of 0.79. In addition, through the correlation analysis, we found that the ground terrain may affect the distribution pattern of aerial bird density.

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“…The slight increasing MRD with the pitch angle may be caused by the insect legs. The effect of legs on insect RCS was verified through simulation in [34]. The positions of the legs are usually not symmetrical about the body in the experiment, and large components of the legs are not parallel to the body.…”

Section: ) Relationship Between Pitch Angle and Mrd Errormentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Nonhorizontal Orientation on Measurement of Insect Biological Parameters With Entomological Radar

Wang

et al. 2022

IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Observations Remote Sensing

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Up till now, measurement of the biological parameters of insects traversing the beam of an entomological radar has been based on the assumption that the insects maintain a horizontal flight attitude. However, recent studies have revealed that some migrating insects fly with their bodies pitched upwards. This paper analyzes the influence of non-horizontal orientation (i.e. pitch and roll angles) on measurements of insect biological parameters with an entomological radar. The scattering matrices (SMs) of 15 insect specimens have been measured at different pitch and roll angles with a purpose-designed multi-aspect fully polarimetric laboratory rig. It is found that pitch angle has little influence on the discrimination of 'parallel" and "perpendicular" insects, but it affects the measurement accuracy of orientation and estimation of mass and body length. The roll angle has little influence on the insect class discrimination, and the measurement of orientation and body length, and slightly affects the accuracy of the mass estimation. The influence of a general combination of pitch and roll angles is approximate the linear superposition of the influence of pitch angle and roll angle.

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Simulation of the Radar Cross Section of a Noctuid Moth

Cited by 5 publications

References 51 publications

BATScan: A radar classification tool reveals large‐scale bat migration patterns

BATScan: A radar classification tool reveals large‐scale bat migration patterns

Quantification of Migration Birds Based on Polarimetric Weather Radar

Influence of Nonhorizontal Orientation on Measurement of Insect Biological Parameters With Entomological Radar

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