Simulation of the transient behavior of fuel cells by using operator splitting techniques for real-time applications

Kriston, Ákos; Inzelt, György; Faragó, István; Szabó, Tamás

doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2009.11.006

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…8 can be collapsed into a single equation. 11 If any spatial variation of the parameters exists a special pde and numerical method should be applied. 42 For the sake of simplification the following expression is considered for the relation between ECSA and PWSA a ECSA = a m ν [9] where ν is the utilization measuring the ratio of the accessible electrochemically active surface area and the pore-wall surface area.…”

Section: Journal Of the Electrochemical Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Development of a Full Layer Pore-Scale Model for the Simulation of Electro-Active Material Used in Power Sources

Kriston

Pfrang

Popov

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A general pore-scale model was developed which mimics the electro-active layer formation process. The model was used to simulate the active material loading on battery, fuel cell and supercapacitor electrodes. The active layer was reconstructed by coating 10 8 particles with different interparticle interactions onto a smooth surface. Instead of simulating each generated layers at macro scale, scaling analysis was applied to reduce the complexity of the system. It was shown, that the generated layers belong to the same universality class and can be normalized by a self-affine transformation. The non-linear scaling function, obtained at mesoscale, was incorporated into the macrohomogeneous model to simulate the impact of ultra-low Pt loading on specific activity of fuel cells and of thickness of supercapacitors layers on volumetric capacitance. The analysis of experimental data and modeling results revealed that (measurable) specific activity and volumetric capacitance increase at ultra-low loading, because the surface area in unit volume (or porosity) and the thickness scale differently with loading. Finally a general relationship was proposed, which describes the evolution of volumetric surface area density of fuel cells, batteries and supercapacitor with loading, and can be used to build a bridge between mesoscale morphology and macroscopic simulation. Electrochemical energy storage and conversion devices, such as batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors are key enabling technologies to store electricity, in a form of chemical energy, for an electric vehicle with desirable driving range and power.1 Even if state-of-the-art electrochemical storage devices can provide enough stored electricity, the cost of zero emission vehicles (battery, and fuel cell vehicles) is still too high for widespread application. Helou and Brodd 2 analyzed the cost structure of battery production and found that at mass production level the cost of active materials used is 50-60% of the total cost per battery cell. In fuel cells only one component, the Pt catalyst, is responsible for ca. 35% of the total cost of the stack.3 The limited stock of Pt is another bottleneck 4 to cost reduction. Consequently, the reduction of active material loading is a requirement to meet market expectations for all systems. The development of higher capacity Li materials with nano-sized particles 5,6 and more active and extended surface area electrocatalysts for fuel cells 4,7,8 can pave the way for reducing material costs. Numerical modeling is one of the most prospective techniques to find the optimal electrode structure to accommodate lower material loading.In spite of the different nature of fuel cells, batteries and supercapacitors, very similar models are used to study and optimize their performance. The most widely used simulation method is the macrohomogeneous model, 9,10 because it can predict the macroscopic behavior of a fuel cell stack, 11,12 a battery cell 13,14 and a supercapacitor. 15,16 It does not describe however, the exact geometric det...

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Section: Journal Of the Electrochemical Societymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most widely used simulation method is the macrohomogeneous model, 9,10 because it can predict the macroscopic behavior of a fuel cell stack, 11,12 a battery cell 13,14 and a supercapacitor. 15,16 It does not describe however, the exact geometric details of the active layer, but uses material properties averaged over the electrode volume.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Full Layer Pore-Scale Model for the Simulation of Electro-Active Material Used in Power Sources

Kriston

Pfrang

Popov

et al. 2014

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…However, as shown in Table 2, the MA increases when the loading decreases which may be related to the increase in ECSA from 41.08 to 70.18 m 2 g -1 . The ECSA increase is a consequence of the catalyst utilization ( [23] Eq. 23 does not dependent on the ECSA or the utilization.…”

Section: Modeling Of Mass and Specific Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The values of the parameters were used from (23). The Pt loading was varied from 0.05 mg cm -2 to 0.4 mg cm -2 while the porosity was kept constant at 0.45.…”

Section: Modeling Of Mass and Specific Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Effect of Ultra-Low Pt Loading on Mass and Specific Activity of PEM Fuel Cells

et al. 2013

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The mass and specific activities are intensively used as the characterization parameters for the effectiveness of the catalyst in a fuel cell. These quantities were found to be independent of catalyst loading, but the data presented in this work shows that the mass and specific activity are not independent of the loading at ultra-low Pt loadings. In this work the dependence of mass activity on platinum loading was studied. A one dimensional simplified agglomerate-based macro-homogeneous model was developed and solved analytically and numerically to understand the effects of porosity, agglomerate size, and Pt loading on the mass activity.

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“…Other possible choices are the following, which are going to be used in the course of the analysis and the numerical experiments [10].…”

Section: Remark 41mentioning

confidence: 99%

An IMEX scheme for reaction-diffusion equations: application for a PEM fuel cell model

et al. 2013

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An implicit-explicit (IMEX) method is developed for the numerical solution of reaction-diffusion equations with pure Neumann boundary conditions. The corresponding method of lines scheme with finite differences is analyzed: explicit conditions are given for its convergence in the · ∞ norm. The results are applied to a model for determining the overpotential in a proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. MSC:65M06, 65M12, 65M20

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Simulation of the transient behavior of fuel cells by using operator splitting techniques for real-time applications

Cited by 14 publications

References 15 publications

Development of a Full Layer Pore-Scale Model for the Simulation of Electro-Active Material Used in Power Sources

Development of a Full Layer Pore-Scale Model for the Simulation of Electro-Active Material Used in Power Sources

Analyzing the Effect of Ultra-Low Pt Loading on Mass and Specific Activity of PEM Fuel Cells

An IMEX scheme for reaction-diffusion equations: application for a PEM fuel cell model

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