“…A shortcoming of integrated PV, including BAPV, BIPV, and VIPV systems is that modules in urban settings can frequently or continuously all day long be subjected to shading caused by structures, such as buildings, poles, antennas, dormers, trees, birds, and even passing objects (dynamic shading). 7 , 8 , 13 , 14 , 15 Shading results in substantial power loss by string mismatch, which can reduce energy yield by 20–25%. 11 , 16 , 17 Shading causes a reverse-biased solar cell that changes power, known as a “hotspot”.…”