Simultaneous Control of Frequency Fluctuation and Battery SOC in a Smart Grid using LFC and EV Controllers based on Optimal MIMO-MPC

Abstract

-This paper proposes a simultaneous control of frequency deviation and electric vehicles (EVs) battery state of charge (SOC) using load frequency control (LFC) and EV controllers. In order to provide both frequency stabilization and SOC schedule near optimal performance within the whole operating regions, a multiple-input multiple-output model predictive control (MIMO-MPC) is employed for the coordination of LFC and EV controllers. The MIMO-MPC is an effective modelbased prediction which calculates future control signals by an optimization of quadratic programming based on the plant model, past manipulate, measured disturbance, and control signals. By optimizing the input and output weights of the MIMO-MPC using particle swarm optimization (PSO), the optimal MIMO-MPC for simultaneous control of the LFC and EVs, is able to stabilize the frequency fluctuation and maintain the desired battery SOC at the certain time, effectively. Simulation study in a two-area interconnected power system with wind farms shows the effectiveness of the proposed MIMO-MPC over the proportional integral (PI) controller and the decentralized vehicle to grid control (DVC) controller.

Control Mechanisms of Energy Storage Devices

“…The PHEV model is represented as first-order transfers function with very small time constant T PHEV as shown in Figure 5(a) [24][25][26][27]. The change of PHEV output power ∆P PHEV for charging or discharging is selected according to the control signal U i of the controller.…”

Robust frequency control in a renewable penetrated power system: an adaptive fractional order-fuzzy approach

“…During the last decade, the PHEVs are being considered by several authors for their proposed load frequency control (LFC) studies with various controllers [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. In [7] authors suggested a conventional PI/ PID controller, in [8] an adaptive control method, in [9] authors proposed a robust PI controller, in [10] a coefficient diagram method, in [11] a generalized model predictive controller (MPC), in [12] with H ∞ controller, etc. In [13][14][15][16][17] the authors proposed various optimization techniques for secondary LFC with PHEVs.…”

Improving the grid frequency by optimal design of model predictive control with energy storage devices

“…Also, The MPC weights are tuned by PSO in Pahasa and Ngamroo but for pitch angle and PHEV controls. In Pahasa and Ngamroo, the input and output weights of a multiple‐input and multiple‐output MPC are optimized by using PSO. In Yang et al, a multivariable generalized predictive control is applied on an isolated microgrid with electric vehicles and distributed generations for LFC.…”