Simultaneous control of three species of Glossina by the selective application of insecticide

Abstract

An account is given of the simultaneous control of three species of tsetse fly by the selective application of insecticide to vegetation within an area of 16 sq. miles along a seasonal watercourse in Northern Nigeria constituting a permanent habitat of Glossina palpalis (R.-D.) and G. tachinoides Westw. and a hot-season concentration area of G. morsitans Westw. subsp. submorsitans Newst. The ecological zones concerned centred on small lakes fringed, in succession outwards, by open swamp, swamp woodland, swamp forest, riparian forest and riparian woodland, the whole being bounded by savannah woodland populated by G. morsitans in the wet season. All except the forest elements were subject to seasonal fires.Against G. morsitans, insecticide was applied to the principal resting sites of flies in their hot-season concentration habitats, namely, the basal 5 ft. of shaded tree trunks over 9 in. in diameter, or 5 in. where stands were dense, in, chiefly, riparian woodland and forest. Against the other species it was applied to a height of 2½ ft. on stems, trunks and exposed roots in riparian forest and the margins of swamp forest, which were favoured as pupation sites and in which it was therefore believed that adults might rest.A wettable-powder suspension containing 3¾ per cent. DDT was applied by pneumatic knapsack sprayer in quantities short of run-off. Temporary reduction of the strength to 2½ per cent, had no detectable effect on control.Regular fly patrols showed an initial reduction in apparent density of G. morsitans by four-fifths, but spot checks detected a residual population that persisted up to two months in small areas. These were resprayed so as to include trunks of 5 in. diameter and branches over 3 in. in diameter at heights of 6–12 ft. The apparent density of the other species declined after treatment by over nine-tenths, in both treated and untreated zones, but following catches of a few teneral adults, indicating persistent or recurrent populations in limited areas, these were resprayed using an emulsion containing 3¾ per cent, dieldrin.Treatment began in January 1961 and to date (April 1963) no fly has been detected since April 1961, despite repeated re-surveys. The approximate cost of labour, equipment and insecticide was £3,000; an attempt at reclamation in 1926–29 by sheer-felling over seven sq. miles, which achieved only temporary success, had cost £3,000, with recurrent annual re-slashing costs of £250, equivalent to £12,000 and £1,500, respectively, at present-day costs for labour.

The potential for insecticide resistance in Glossina (Diptera: Glossinidae)— an investigation by computer simulation and chemical analysis

“…If tsetse are able to produce resistant forms, why have there been no reports of insecticide resistance from the field? In particular, it is perhaps surprising that there has been no intimation of resistance throughout the anti-tsetse campaign carried out in Nigeria over many years from 1955 onwards (Maclennan & Aitchison, 1963;Maclennan & Na'isa, 1971). A number of factors combined to ensure the success of the Nigerian eradication campaign, including the natural decline in certain populations due to destruction of habitat by man and dwindling host availability (Davies, 1971).…”

“…(5) Regime of application.-Insecticide application techniques against tsetse are broadly of two ..types. Firstly, an insecticide, such as DDT, can be applied once only from the ground or from a helicopter to habitats of Glossina, in sufficient quantity for deposits to remain active for at least several weeks; very discriminative application is possible from the ground (Maclennan & Aitchison, 1963). Secondly, sequential applications of very small quantities of insecticides, such as endosulfan, which have no residual effect, can be applied from a fixed-wing aircraft (Kendrick & Alsop, 1974).…”

Problems in Biology, Behaviour and Environment which Affect the Control of Vectors by Pesticides

“…Consequently, high concentrations of residual insecticides are employed in a formulation that adheres well t o the vegetation. Dieldrin and DDT are at present the most effective compounds for this purpose (Baldry, 1963(Baldry, , 1964Davies, 1964; Finelle e l a/., 1962, 1963; Hocking, 1961;MacLennan and Aitchison, 1963;Wilson, 1953).…”