“…11,12 The application of CPEs was initially reported by Adams in 1958. 13 In more recent research, different modiers have been used in CPE composites, including enzymes, [14][15][16] a wide variety of polymers such as Naon® and chitosan, [17][18][19][20] and nanomaterials. [21][22][23] Because of their advantages, such as very low background current, ease of preparation, low cost, large potential window, simple surface renewal process and ease of miniaturization, CPEs are widely applicable in electrochemical studies and electroanalysis.…”