Simultaneous Determination of Abused Prescription Drugs by Simple Dilute-and-Shoot Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID)

Phonchai, Apichai; Pinsrithong, Sakchaibordee; Janchawee, Benjamas; Prutipanlai, Sathaporn; Botpiboon, Ornchuma; Keawpradub, Niwat

doi:10.1080/00032719.2020.1779738

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Instead, tramadol was identified ranging from 179 to 859 μg/ml, and promethazine was quantified in a range from 7 to 87 μg/ml. 11 Other results reported from Thailand focusing on the determination of promethazine using an optical colorimetric sensor coupled with a spectrometer reported promethazine resulted in a range from 59 to 81 mg/L in five lean cocktail samples. 12 One kratom cocktail sample was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography UV/VIS detection.…”

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confidence: 95%

Detection of pharmaceuticals in “dirty sprite” using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Rosenberger

Teske

Klintschar

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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Dirty Sprite, also known as “lean” or “purple drank”, is a preparation associated with the presence of codeine and promethazine. These drinks, predominantly used by young people, are mixtures of, for example, soft drinks, prescription medicines, and prescription cough syrups. The use of these illicit preparations started in Texas in the 1960s and become popularized in the 1990s. However, the misuse of these cocktails has become more common in other countries to date, for example, in Thailand. Given the illicit nature of these preparations and the lack of information available on the composition of these products, there is a need to identify and quantify the drugs that may be present. Three samples of Dirty Sprite were analyzed using GC–MS after liquid/liquid‐extraction under acidic and basic conditions. Since the acidic extraction did not show the detection of relevant substances, samples were alkalized to pH ≥ 9, followed by extraction with 1‐chlorobutane. GC–MS screening revealed the identification of codeine, dihydrocodeine, promethazine and impurities of cocaine. A selected ion monitoring method was developed for the quantification of these compounds using lemonade as a calibration matrix. Quantitative analysis showed concentrations of 130‐mg/L codeine, 75‐mg/L promethazine, and 3.4‐mg/L cocaine in sample 1; 74‐mg/L promethazine and 91‐mg/L dihydrocodeine in sample 2; and 130‐mg/L codeine combined with 68‐mg/L promethazine in sample 3. The results also illustrate that the consumption of drugs detected in Dirty Sprite samples could lead to health risks given that these prescription medicines are consumed outside the medical environment.

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confidence: 95%

Detection of pharmaceuticals in “dirty sprite” using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Rosenberger

Teske

Klintschar

et al. 2021

Drug Testing and Analysis

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“…The chromatographic conditions were modified from the previous report. 14 Helium (He) was used as the carrier gas with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min −1 . Nitrogen (N 2 ) was used as the makeup gas for the FID detector with a flow rate of 25 mL min −1 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accordingly, sample preparation is required prior to analysis to pre-concentrate the analyte and to eliminate interferences from sample matrices. The development of sample preparation techniques has been reported for the pre-concentration and extraction of main prescription drugs and some additive drugs, such as the dilute-and-shoot procedure with an appropriate solvent, 14 liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), 11 liquid phase microextraction (LPME), 15 dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME), 16 and solid-phase extraction (SPE). 17 Among these methods, stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) has attracted much attention for applications in extraction procedures, due to its high effectiveness in extracting non-polar and medium-polarity compounds from liquid samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A stir bar sorptive extraction device coupled with a gas chromatography flame ionization detector for the determination of abused prescription drugs in lean cocktail samples

et al. 2022

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“…Promethazine detection has been reported using a variety of analytical approaches. Spectrophotometry [2], gas chromatography [8], HPLC [9], electrochemical sensing [10], and capillary electrophoresis [11] are some of the techniques used. All of these approaches, however, have disadvantages for routine promethazine analysis in pharmaceutical formulations samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design a continuous microfluidic flow cell for turbidimetric-flow injection technology: A new approach for routine analysis of active pharmaceutical formulations

Jasim

Turkey

Abd-Alrazack

2022

Anal. Method Environ. Chem. J.

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In this study, a new flow injection analysis (FIA) based on a microfluidic flow cell (MFC) with a sample capacity of 40 µL is described. A Tungsten lamp directs light from a typical 2100P Portable Turbidimeter apparatus into a quartz flow cell through a round sidewall aperture of 2.0 mm and emerges through the identical aperture on the opposite side of the flow cell, where a photodiode array (light detector) detects the passing light. When compared to a traditional cuvette (25 mm x 60 mm round) with the same nominal route length, this technique improves sensitivity by around 4.0. This improvement is due to the use of a short, narrow internal diameter microfluid as the flow cell, which reduces physical dispersion. The designed flow cell has been evaluated by developing a turbidimetric method for the detection of promethazine in pure form or pharmaceutical dosages. The developed method is based on forming of a yellowish ion-pair association complex due to the reaction of promethazine and sodium tetraphenylborate (STPB) in an acidic medium. At the flow optimum conditions, the calibration curve (CC) and the LOD for promethazine were obtained 0.5-90 µg mL-1 and 0.35 µg mL-1, respectively (R2 = 0.9955).

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Simultaneous Determination of Abused Prescription Drugs by Simple Dilute-and-Shoot Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID)

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Detection of pharmaceuticals in “dirty sprite” using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

Detection of pharmaceuticals in “dirty sprite” using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry

A stir bar sorptive extraction device coupled with a gas chromatography flame ionization detector for the determination of abused prescription drugs in lean cocktail samples

Design a continuous microfluidic flow cell for turbidimetric-flow injection technology: A new approach for routine analysis of active pharmaceutical formulations

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