Simultaneous Determination of Albendazole and Its Three Metabolites in Pig and Poultry Muscle by Ultrahigh-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Fluorescence Detection

Abstract

A fast, simple and efficient ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (UPLC-FLD) method for the determination of residues of albendazole (ABZ) and its three metabolites, albendazole sulfone (ABZ-SO2), albendazole sulfoxide (ABZ-SO), and albendazole-2-aminosulfone (ABZ-2NH2-SO2), in pig and poultry muscle (chicken, duck and goose) was established. The samples were extracted with ethyl acetate, and the extracts were further subjected to cleanup by utilizing a series of liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) steps. Then, extracts were purified by OASIS® PRiME hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges (60 mg/3 mL). The target compounds were separated on an ACQUITY UPLC® BEH C18 (2.1 mm × 100 mm, 1.7 μm) chromatographic column, using a mobile phase composed of 31% acetonitrile and 69% aqueous solution (containing 0.2% formic acid and 0.05% triethylamine). The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of the four target compounds in pig and poultry muscle were 0.2–3.8 µg/kg and 1.0–10.9 µg/kg, respectively. The recoveries were all above 80.37% when the muscle samples were spiked with the four target compounds at the LOQ, 0.5 maximum residue limit (MRL), 1.0 MRL, and 2.0 MRL levels. The intraday relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 5.11%, and the interday RSDs were less than 6.29%.

Separation and Detection of Abamectin, Ivermectin, Albendazole and Three Metabolites in Eggs Using Reversed-Phase HPLC Coupled with a Photo Diode Array Detector

“…In the LC-fluorescence detection (FLD) methods of ABZ and its three metabolites, the extractant used was ethyl acetate [ 4 , 15 , 16 ]. Preexperiments showed that the extraction capacity of ethyl acetate for ABM and IVM was insufficient.…”

“…In addition, the FLD method requires that the target be derivatized prior to chromatographic separation. In contrast, the application of LC–FLD for the detection of ABZ (or metabolites together) residues does not require a derivatization process [ 4 , 15 , 16 , 32 ]. Therefore, in this scenario, it is problematic to adopt FLD for the simultaneous detection of chromatographically separated AVMs and BMZs.…”

“…ABZ is a methylcarbamate benzimidazole antiparasitic compound that has a broad spectrum and is effective against lungworms, tapeworms, gastrointestinal nematodes, and flukes. ABZ acts by binding to β-tubulin and inhibiting its polymerization to microtubules, resulting in impaired energy metabolism in the parasite [ 4 ]. In actual production, laying hens are frequently supplemented with a combination of ABZ and IVM at a ratio of 50:1 before the start of production to repel various parasites in vivo and in vitro [ 4 ].…”

“…ABZ acts by binding to β-tubulin and inhibiting its polymerization to microtubules, resulting in impaired energy metabolism in the parasite [ 4 ]. In actual production, laying hens are frequently supplemented with a combination of ABZ and IVM at a ratio of 50:1 before the start of production to repel various parasites in vivo and in vitro [ 4 ]. Mature layers are treated against helminths with a combination of ABZ and IVM administered twice, with an interval of 20–30 days [ 4 ], preferably in the summer and autumn when parasites are abundantly reproducing.…”

An Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Albendazole Using Glassy Carbon Electrode Modified with Platinum-Palladium Nanocomposites

“…Thus, large amounts of ABZ remain in animal-derived foods, which can pose health risks to consumers [ 8 ]. In the European Union, ABZ’s maximum residue limit in animal products has been stipulated to 100 μg/kg, based on the sum of ABZ and its three metabolites [ 10 , 11 , 12 ]. Therefore, ABZ detection is not only essential in monitoring the active ingredient and optimizing ABZ therapy in patients but also in tracing ABZ residue in animal products.…”