Simultaneous determination of allantoin, hypoxanthine, xanthine, and uric acid in serum/plasma by CE

Abstract

Allantoin (All) is an oxidative end product of purines in mammals. The small amount of All present in human plasma or serum results from free radical action on urate and may provide a stable marker of in vivo free radical activity. Because free radicals have been implicated in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, this study focused on the metabolic compounds of the All pathway. We propose a new fast CE (CE/UV) method for the simultaneous determination of All, uric acid (UA), hypoxanthine (HX), and xanthine (X) in human plasma. These products were quantified in the plasma of patients with chronic renal failure before hemodialysis (n = 6), patients with chronic heart failure (n = 6) and controls (n = 6). The filtered plasma were diluted ten-fold before the direct injection in CE/UV (195 nm), which allows separating the four compounds in less than 13 min. The metabolites were detectable at concentrations of 0.3-0.6 micromol/L. The method was linear over the range 0.5-150 micromol/L for All, HX, and X and 10-1500 micromol/L for UA (r > 0.99). The analytical performance of this method is satisfactory with intra-assay CV < 3.4%, inter-assay CV < 5% (HX and X < 7%), and recovery (93-101%). The proposed CE-UV method appears to be a useful tool for studying physiological and pathological changes of HX, UA, and All levels in plasma samples, the latter being a possible indicator of free radical damage in vivo.

allB, allantoin utilisation and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and Typhimurium colonisation of poultry and mice

“…In humans, a low amount of allantoin is therefore formed by the chemical oxidation of low amounts of uric acid during oxidative stress, and in birds, the oxidation of relatively high amount of uric acid (originating from both purine metabolism and amino acid nitrogen detoxification) leads to relatively high levels of allantoin in serum. Consistent with this, allantoin concentration in the blood serum of adult rats is around 200 μmol/L (Park et al 2007); in humans, only around 20 μmol/L (Mikami et al 2000;Causse et al 2007) and in poultry, allantoin serum concentration is again relatively high, around 200 μmol/L (Simoyi et al 2003;Tsahar et al 2006;Carro et al 2010).…”

Metabolite Profiling Identifies Markers of Uremia

“…28,29 Because humans do not express uric oxidase, the elevation in allantoin reflects bacterial metabolism or increased spontaneous decarboxylation of urate because of free radical stress. 30 Another notable cluster of novel uremic metabolites include the dicarboxylic acids malonate, methylmalonate, maleate, and most strikingly, adipate. Dicarboxylic acids are formed in the endoplasmic reticulum via the oxidation of the terminal carbon of fatty acids.…”

Development of Biosensors from Polymer Graphene Composites

“…Hypoxanthine is an essential metabolite to degrade adenine nucleotide mainly accumulated in biological tissues. The determination of hypoxanthine is very essential for the quality control of fish products in food industries [111]. Zhang et al was designed a biosensing platform for hypoxanthine by the functionalization of rGO sheets with conducting PPy graft copolymer, poly(styrenesulfonic acid-g-pyrrole), via π-π non covalent interaction [81].…”