Simultaneous Determination of Ascorbic Acid, Dopamine, Uric Acid, and Acetaminophen on N, P-Doped Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres

Abstract

Dual heteroatom-doped carbon hollow spheres have attracted attention for their intriguing properties, including high surface areas, mesoporosity, sphere wall thicknesses, edge plane defect sites, catalytic active sites, and fast heterogeneous electron-transfer rates. Understandably, the material finds widespread attention in the field of electrochemical sensors. In this work, we have successfully synthesized nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) dual doped hollow mesoporous carbon spheres (NPHMCS) by a simple self-polymerization process. The effect of loading a P precursor, namely, phytic acid (PA), on the electrochemical sensing of bioanalytes is investigated in detail. The investigation revealed that 0.6 g loading of PA (NPHMCS-0.6) resulted in an enhanced surface area of 940 m2 g–1, a higher pore volume of 0.40 cm3 g–1, enriched defect sites of 0.99, pyridinic sites of 24.90%, and moderate P–C + P–N sites of 74.65%. The synergistic effect of nitrogen and phosphorous doping along with the abovementioned properties is taken advantage in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors for the simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA), and acetaminophen (AC). The fabricated sensors displayed a wide linear range of sensing over a concentration from 5 to 6000 μM for AA, 0.5 to 2000 μM for DA, 0.5 to 5000 μM for UA, and 5 to 1200 μM for AC. Based on the calibration plot, the limits of detection (LOD) were calculated to be 0.032, 0.002, 0.005, and 0.020 μM for AA, DA, UA, and AC, respectively. The electroanalytical performance of the fabricated sensor was successfully validated for the analysis of target species in real samples. The developed methodology offers prospective advantages in clinical diagnostics for the simultaneous analysis of small biomolecules and drugs.

Ultrasensitive Dopamine Detection at Co3O4-Anchored N-Doped Hollow Mesoporous Carbon Nanospheres

“…Then, the incorporation of the N precursor dopamine hydrochloride was evenly coated over the silica sphere due to its electrostatically strong interaction ability to provide a SiO 2 -DA hybrid mixture. During 30 h of continuous stirring, DA moieties such as indole and quinone are self-assembled to develop a 3D network structure of polydopamine to form a SiO 2 -PDA product. − Then, the addition of Co precursor cobalt phthalocyanine was coassembled with the SiO 2 -PDA product, forming the SiO 2 -PDA-CoPc network structure. After 44 h of continuous reaction, the obtained product was recovered, subsequently washed, and dried at 100 °C.…”

Electrocatalytic Determination of Uric Acid with the Poly(Tartrazine)-Modified Pencil Graphite Electrode in Human Serum and Artificial Urine

“…Numerous methods of determining UA have been reported, including ones based on capillary electrophoresis, chemiluminescence, , UV–visible spectrophotometry, , fluorescence spectroscopy, , chromatography, − and electroanalytical methods. − ,− The method based on capillary electrophoresis has a high limit of detection (LOD, i.e., 333 nM) and a long analysis time (i.e., 14 min) . In chemiluminescence-based methods, , there are disadvantages including complex procedures, time-consuming steps for system preparation, and analysis time, and the usage of uricase enzyme and porcine liver .…”

“…15,16 However, owing to several noticeable features of electrochemical methods involving ease of fabrication and miniaturization, low cost, portability, quick response, notable sensitivity and selectivity, they have been identified to be more potent than other techniques for determining UA. A wide variety of chemically modified electrodes including methylcellulose/graphene oxide/iron oxide nano hydrogel/ glassy carbon electrode, 1 β-cyclodextrin/reduced graphene oxide/screen printed electrode, 2 (platinum nanoparticles)graphene flakes-flavin mononucleotide/gold interdigitated microelectrode, 3 multiwalled carbon nanotubes/poly(4amino-3-hydroxy naphthalene sulfonic acid)/glassy carbon electrode, 4 acrylic acid-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate-2,2′azobis(2-isobutyro) nitrile/carbon paste electrode, 5 nickel ferrite/glassy carbon electrode, 6 platinum nanosheets/fullerene/glassy carbon electrode, 21 nickel ferrite nanorods/ sulfur-doped carbon nanoparticles/glassy carbon electrode, 22 poly(solid red a)/carbon nanotube paste electrode, 23 N,Pdoped hollow mesoporous carbon nanospheres-phytic acid/ glassy carbon electrode, 24 SnO 2 /graphene/glassy carbon electrode, 25 three-dimensional porous graphene/glassy carbon electrode, 26 poly(glyoxal-bis(2-hydroxyanil))/glassy carbon electrode, 27 nickel hydroxide/solar graphene/glassy carbon electrode, 17 platinum nanoparticles/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/glassy carbon electrode, 18 copper nanoparticles/polypyrrole/glassy carbon electrode, 19 poly(p-aminophenol)/glassy carbon electrode, 20 gold clusters/N-acetyl-L-cysteine−multiwalled carbon nanotubes/glassy carbon electrode, 29 gold-silver bimetallic nanoparticles/graphene oxide/thionine/glassy carbon electrode, 30 urate oxidase/metal organic frameworks (gold nanocages)/glassy carbon electrode, 31 and urate oxidasecobalt-based metal−organic framework/boron nanosheetsdoxorubicin/glassy carbon electrode 32 have been reported for determining UA and are summarized in Table S1.…”

A facile ratiometric electrochemical sensing platform with in‐situ electropolymerized thionine on effective sensing of 5‐hydroxytryptamine

“…Up to now, electrochemical techniques have been recognized as the superior platforms for the sensing the analyte of interest in multi-field of environmental monitoring, clinical diagnosis, food safety and control with the merits of their instantaneous quantitative and qualitative analysis, and feasibility for the detection of multianalytes [10][11][12]. Typically, electrochemical sensors are developed based on the solid substrates with the modification of nanomaterials, biomolecules, polymers, aptamers, and a single response signal of the analyte of interest is generally tracked and recorded [13][14][15].…”