Simultaneous determination of methadone and morphine at a modified electrode with 3D β-MnO₂nanoflowers: application for pharmaceutical sample analysis

Abstract

Electrochemical sensor based on β-MnO2 nanoflower-modified glassy carbon electrode for the simultaneous detection of methadone and morphine was fabricated.

A nanoscale electrochemical guanine DNA-biosensor based on a flower-like nanocomposite of Tb-doped ZnO for the sensitive determination of pemetrexed

“…For this reason, modifying the bare electrode with transition metal oxides (TMOs) would be preferred for enhancing the electro-active surface area, conductivity, as well as porosity of the materials. [25][26][27][28][29] Since zinc oxide (ZnO) enjoys a higher theoretical specic capacitance (593 F g −1 ), is an n-type semi-conductor material, nontoxic in nature, and has acceptable electrochemical features, which can vary depending on the (spherical/ nonspherical) morphology, composition, and size, it is the most famous compound from among the TMOs that have been investigated to date. 30,31 Doping the host lattice with an appropriate element can offer possibilities for modifying its electronic, chemical (activation energy and catalytic action), and morphological (grain size modications, surface area enhancement) properties, etc.…”

“…For this reason, modifying the bare electrode with transition metal oxides (TMOs) would be preferred for enhancing the electro-active surface area, conductivity, as well as porosity of the materials. 25–29…”

Surface modification of a screen-printed electrode with a flower-like nanostructure to fabricate a guanine DNA-based electrochemical biosensor to determine the anticancer drug pemigatinib

“…[27][28][29][30][31] Additionally, the application of nanomaterials can prevent the formation of unstable intermediates, like radicals, being created in the course of the electron transfer and facilitate the detection mechanisms. [32][33][34][35] Recently, researcher have comprehensively addressed the benets of manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) polymorphs to oxidize analytes, because they enjoy structural exibility, large abundance, inexpensiveness, exclusive physicochemical features, an acceptable theoretical capacitance value (1370 F g −1 ), as well as eco-friendliness. 36 In fact, MnO 2 has various polymorphs (b, a, d, g, and 3 type MnO 2 ) depending on the stacking to the basic octahedral unit [MnO 6 ].…”

“…27–31 Additionally, the application of nanomaterials can prevent the formation of unstable intermediates, like radicals, being created in the course of the electron transfer and facilitate the detection mechanisms. 32–35…”

Simultaneous electrochemical determination of morphine and methadone by using CMK-5 mesoporous carbon and multivariate calibration

“…1 C, in which one electron and one proton are exchanged. Therefore, it shows only one electrochemical peak 33 . A review of previous articles shows that the second peak of MOR, appears at a higher potential and overlaps with the electrochemical peak of MET 34 .…”