Simultaneous determination of phenolic metabolites in Chinese citrus and grape cultivars

Abstract

Background As the major bioactive compounds in citrus and grape, it is significant to use the contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids as quality evaluation criteria to provide a better view of classifying the quality and understanding the potential health benefits of each fruit variety. Methods A total of 15 varieties of citrus and 12 varieties of grapes were collected from Fujian, China. High-performance liquid chromatography method was used for the simultaneous determination of 17 phenolic compounds, including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, ρ-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, catechin, epicatechin, resveratrol, rutin, naringin, hesperidin, quercetin, nobiletin and tangeritin in the peels of citrus and grape cultivars. Further, the cultivars of citrus and grape were classified using principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Results A thorough separation of the 17 compounds was achieved within 100 min. The tested method exhibited good linearity (the limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.03–1.83 µg/mL and 0.09–5.55 µg/mL, respectively), precision (the relative standard deviations of repeatability were 1.02–1.97%), and recovery (92.2–102.82%) for all the compounds, which could be used for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds in citrus and grape. Hesperidin (12.93–26,160.98 µg/g DW) and salicylic acid (5.35–751.02 µg/g DW) were the main flavonoids and phenolic acids in 15 citrus varieties, respectively. Besides, the hesperidin (ND to 605.48 µg/g DW) and salicylic acid (ND to 1,461.79 µg/g DW) were found as the highest flavonoid and the most abundant phenolic acid in grapes, respectively. A total of 15 citrus and 12 grape samples were classified into two main groups by PCA and HCA with strong consistency.

Citrus peel polyphenols alleviate intestinal inflammation in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis

“…As a result, phenolic acid compounds are more soluble in the organic phase. This partially explained the significantly higher contents of phenolic acids in the ethyl acetate phase than those in the water phase [ 18 ].…”

Chromatographic Methods Developed for the Quantification of Quercetin Extracted from Natural Sources: Systematic Review of Published Studies from 2018 to 2022

“…This procedure increases the effectiveness of the extractive methods subsequently applied, namely by increasing the area of contact with extractive solvents. Different extractive methods were adopted to ensure the recovery and concentration of QUE, generally combining multiple methodologies amongst the most conventional (such as maceration [34], percolation [24,29,30,33,37,39], reflux extraction [25,26], and liquid-liquid extraction [25,26,29,30,33]) and/or the most recent (namely, ultrasound-assisted extraction [23,27,28,31,32,35,36,39], solid-phase extraction [24], and chromatography techniques for sample preparation [26,37]). The preference for three of these techniques was quite evident: percolation, liquid-liquid extraction, and ultrasoundassisted extraction.…”

“…Fourteen of the included studies also described the conduction of filtration prior to analysis, which might be crucial to eliminate matrix interference in the chromatogram and prevent equipment from deteriorating with larger particles [23][24][25]27,28,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36]38,39].…”

“…Among the different methods, the most commonly used are the use of reference materials, recovery tests, method comparison (comparing the results obtained with a reference method), and the standard addition method [19,[81][82][83]. It was observed that the majority of studies used the recovery assessment method to determine accuracy [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. This method consists of determining the percentage recovery in samples spiked with known concentrations of the analyte, being the most used technique in accuracy assessment [81,82].…”

Quantification of phenolic compounds in dietary supplements and antioxidant activities

“…Various analytical methods have been utilized for the determination and separation of these phenolic compounds, including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) [15], capillary electrophoresis (CE) [16] and high-performance liquid chromatography with different detectors (ultraviolet (UV), diode array detector (DAD), fluorescence detector (FD)) [17][18][19][20][21][22].…”