“…In practice, since the weights of edges in a network can diverge over a very wide range, we use the normalized adjacency matrix (i.e., the one-step transition probability matrix) Λ as the formal first-order proximity matrix, where each normalized entry Λ i,j is the first-order proximity of node pair (v i , v j ), which also represents the transition probability of one-step random walk from v i to v j . It is necessary to consider the structural characteristics of the network from local and global perspectives, which has been proved by many researches, such as feature selection (Liu et al, 2014), semi-supervised classification (Kang et al, 2020b(Kang et al, , 2021, clustering (Ren & Sun, 2020;Kang et al, 2020a), etc. The defined first-order proximity can measure the adjacent structures in both local and global aspects:…”