Simultaneous imaging of human cone mosaic with adaptive optics enhanced scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and high-speed transversal scanning optical coherence tomography

Pircher, Michael; Zawadzki, Robert J.; Evans, Julia W.; Werner, John S.; Hitzenberger, Christoph K.

doi:10.1364/ol.33.000022

Cited by 88 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The en face recording time of these systems is typically very fast (several frames per second) and analogous to SLO imaging. Thus, both imaging modalities can be used simultaneously, which simplifies motion correction [33,92]. Slow scanning in en face OCT is performed along the depth direction which enables the implementation of a dynamic focus [93] and thus the maintenance of high transverse resolution throughout imaging depth.…”

Section: Ao In Combination With Different Oct Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review of adaptive optics OCT (AO-OCT): principles and applications for retinal imaging [Invited]

Pircher

Zawadzki

2017

Biomed. Opt. Express

170

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Abstract:In vivo imaging of the human retina with a resolution that allows visualization of cellular structures has proven to be essential to broaden our knowledge about the physiology of this precious and very complex neural tissue that enables the first steps in vision. Many pathologic changes originate from functional and structural alterations on a cellular scale, long before any degradation in vision can be noted. Therefore, it is important to investigate these tissues with a sufficient level of detail in order to better understand associated disease development or the effects of therapeutic intervention. Optical retinal imaging modalities rely on the optical elements of the eye itself (mainly the cornea and lens) to produce retinal images and are therefore affected by the specific arrangement of these elements and possible imperfections in curvature. Thus, aberrations are introduced to the imaging light and image quality is degraded. To compensate for these aberrations, adaptive optics (AO), a technology initially developed in astronomy, has been utilized. However, the axial sectioning provided by retinal AO-based fundus cameras and scanning laser ophthalmoscope instruments is limited to tens of micrometers because of the rather small available numerical aperture of the eye. To overcome this limitation and thus achieve much higher axial sectioning in the order of 2-5µm, AO has been combined with optical coherence tomography (OCT) into AO-OCT. This enabled for the first time in vivo volumetric retinal imaging with high isotropic resolution. This article summarizes the technical aspects of AO-OCT and provides an overview on its various implementations and some of its clinical applications. In addition, latest developments in the field, such as computational AO-OCT and wavefront sensor less AO-OCT, are covered. 1178-1181 (1991). 2. M. Wojtkowski, B. Kaluzny, and R. J. Zawadzki, "New directions in ophthalmic optical coherence tomography," Optom. Vis. Sci. 89(5), 524-542 (2012). 3. T. E. de Carlo, A. Romano, N. K. Waheed, and J. S. Duker, "A review of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA)," Int J Retina Vitreous 1(5), 5 (2015). 4. W. Drexler and J. G. Fujimoto, "State-of-the-art retinal optical coherence tomography," Prog. Retin. Eye Res.27(1), 45-88 (2008). 5. G. Walsh, W. N. Charman, and H. C. Howland, "Objective technique for the determination of monochromatic aberrations of the human eye," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 1(9), 987-992 (1984). 6. J. Liang and D. R. Williams, "Aberrations and retinal image quality of the normal human eye," J. Opt. Soc. Am.A 14(11), 2873-2883 (1997). Office, 2014). 27. J. Liang, B. Grimm, S. Goelz, and J. F. Bille, "Objective measurement of wave aberrations of the human eye with the use of a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 11(7), 1949-1957 (1994). 28. M. Laslandes, M. Salas, C. K. Hitzenberger, and M. Pircher, "Influence of wave-front sampling in adaptive optics retinal imaging," Biomed. Opt. Express 8(2), 1083-1100 (2017). 29. S. Tuohy and A. G. Podoleanu,...

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Section: Ao In Combination With Different Oct Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SS-OCT at 1060nm has been combined with AO in a multimodal instrument [105] and a wavefront sensor less approach [108]. Finally, many different combinations of the above mentioned AO-OCT systems with complimentary imaging modalities have been presented [33,34,40,84,92,105].…”

Section: Ao In Combination With Different Oct Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of adaptive optics OCT (AO-OCT): principles and applications for retinal imaging [Invited]

Pircher

Zawadzki

2017

Biomed. Opt. Express

170

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“…While in the first two frames no ring can be observed a decrease of the radius of the ring can be observed in the rest of the movie. The maximum of the ring corresponds to the spatial frequency of the cone rows or modal frequency of cone mosaic [26,27]. This frequency has to be multiplied by a factor (1/cos 30°) to convert the modal frequency into closest neighbor spacing.…”

Section: Europe Pmc Funders Author Manuscriptsmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vivo investigation of human cone photoreceptors with SLO/OCT in combination with 3D motion correction on a cellular level

et al. 2010

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We present a further improvement of our SLO/OCT imaging system which enables to practically eliminate all eye motion artifacts with a correction accuracy approaching sub-cellular dimensions. Axial eye tracking is achieved by using a hardware based, high speed tracking system that consists of a rapid scanning optical delay line in the reference arm of the interferometer. A software based algorithm is employed to correct for transverse eye motion in a post-processing step. The instrument operates at a frame rate of 40 en-face fps with a field of view of ~1°×1°. Dynamic focusing enables the recording of 3D volumes of the human retina with cellular resolution throughout the entire imaging depth. Several volumes are stitched together to increase the total field of view. Different features of the three dimensional structure of cone photoreceptors are investigated in detail and at different eccentricities from the fovea.

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“…Shortly thereafter, Pablo Artal's group at the University of Murcia, Spain and Wolfgang Drexler's group at the University of Vienna collaborated to produce the first generation AO UHR OCT using time domain detection (Hermann et al, 2004a). Since then there has been a striking proliferation of AO-OCT instruments based on many different types of OCT systems including time domain en face scanning (Merino et al 2006;Pircher, 2008), high resolution spectral domain OCT (Zhang et al, 2005;Zawadzki et al, 2005;Zhang et al, 2006;Bigelow et al, 2007;and Zawadzki et al, 2007), ultra-high spectral domain OCT Zawadzki et al, 2008;Fernandez et al, 2008;Cense et al, 2009;and Torti et al, 2009), and swept source OCT (Mujat et al, 2010).…”

Section: A Point Spread Function Equal To 3 Microns In All Three Spatmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imaging Single Cells in the Living Retina

Williams

2012

Frontiers in Optics 2012/Laser Science XXVIII

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A quarter century ago, we were limited to a macroscopic view of the retina inside the living eye. Since then, new imaging technologies, including confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, and adaptive optics fundus imaging, transformed the eye into a microscope in which individual cells can now be resolved noninvasively. These technologies have enabled a wide range of studies of the retina that were previously impossible. Keywordsretinal imaging; confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope; adaptive optics; optical coherence tomography; spatial resolution; ophthalmoscopy The ability to look inside the living human eye is central to our understanding of how the normal eye works and the diseased eye fails. This article focuses on technological advances in the spatial resolution of retinal imaging during the last quarter century and some of the scientific discoveries they have made possible. These advances have transformed retinal imaging from a macroscopic to a microscopic modality in which individual cells can now be resolved. There are many books and review articles that address these advances. Relevant books include Masters, 2001;Porter et al, 2006; Schulman et al., 2004) and review articles include (Costa, et al., 2006;Drexler and Fujimoto, 2008;Fujimoto, 2003;Godara et al., 2010;Hampson, 2008;Miller et al., 2011;Miller and Roorda, 2009; Mojtkowski, 2010;Podoleanu, 2005;Podoleanu and Rosen, 2008;Roorda, 2010; Rossi et al. 2011;and Wilt et al., 2009).It has never been easy to peer inside the living eye. Though several investigators in the 19 th century were aware of the illumination conditions necessary to cause the otherwise impenetrable pupil to glow red, they failed to obtain a clear view of the living retina until Helmholtz invented the ophthalmoscope (Helmholtz, 1851). Since then, the evolution of this instrument has been punctuated by important, if occasional, technical advances such as adding a camera that could record retinal images on film (Jackman and Webster, 1886).© 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Corresponding Author: David Williams. Conflict of Interest Disclosure: My employer, the University of Rochester, holds intellectual property on which I am an inventor and that pertain to the subject matter of this article.Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptVision Res. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2012 July 1. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptSurprisingly, before the late 1980's there were few improvements in optical resolution sin...

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Simultaneous imaging of human cone mosaic with adaptive optics enhanced scanning laser ophthalmoscopy and high-speed transversal scanning optical coherence tomography

Cited by 88 publications

References 17 publications

Review of adaptive optics OCT (AO-OCT): principles and applications for retinal imaging [Invited]

Review of adaptive optics OCT (AO-OCT): principles and applications for retinal imaging [Invited]

In vivo investigation of human cone photoreceptors with SLO/OCT in combination with 3D motion correction on a cellular level

Imaging Single Cells in the Living Retina

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