Simultaneous infusions of propofol and ketamine in ponies premedicated with detomidine: a pharmacokinetic study

Nolan, A. M.; Reid, John L.; Welsh, Elizabeth; Flaherty, Derek; McCormack, Robert Z.; Monteiro, Ana

doi:10.1016/s0034-5288(96)90051-x

Cited by 64 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Recovery from anesthesia was uneventful and similar to previous reports [4-7, 11, 26-29, 36, 37]. The plasma concentration of propofol declined rapidly after the cessation of propofol infusion and the estimated t 1 / 2 of propofol in the present study (63.0 30.8 min) was similar to that reported in a previous study in ponies (69.0  8.0 min) [28]. The horses required 124  44 min to stand after 200  15 min infusion of propofol.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS) as an Indicator of Central Nervous System Depression in Horses Anesthetized with Propofol

et al. 2009

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ABSTRACT. The bispectral index (BIS) was evaluated as an indicator of central nervous system (CNS) depression in horses anesthetized with propofol. Five non-premedicated horses were anesthetized with 7 mg/kg, IV propofol and the minimum infusion rate (MIR) of propofol required to maintain anesthesia was determined during intermittent positive pressure ventilation in each horse. The BIS was determined 20 min later and after stabilization at 2.0 MIR, 1.5 MIR, and 1.0 MIR. The BIS was also recorded after the cessation of propofol infusion when the horses regained spontaneous breathing and swallowing reflex. The MIR and plasma concentration (Cp) of propofol were 0.20  0.03 mg/kg/min and 17.5  4.0 g/ml, respectively. The BIS value and Cp were 59  13 and 26.7  8.6 g/ml at 2.0 MIR, 63  9 and 22.9  9.7 g/ml at 1.5 MIR, 64  13 and 20.1  5.9 g/ml at 1.0 MIR, 64  24 and 13.0  2.8 g/ml at return of spontaneous breathing, and 91  4 and 11.0  3.4 g/ml when the swallowing reflex returned, respectively. The BIS value was significantly less in anesthetized horses compared to horses once swallowing returned (p=0.025). The BIS value was significantly correlated with the propofol Cp (r=-0.625, p=0.001). There was not a significant difference in the BIS values during the MIR multiples of propofol. The BIS was a useful indicator of awakening but did not indicate the degree of CNS depression during propofol-anesthesia in horses.KEY WORDS: bispectral index (BIS), equine, propofol.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS) as an Indicator of Central Nervous System Depression in Horses Anesthetized with Propofol

et al. 2009

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“…Gangle et al [8] also reported pronounced ataxia during recovery from halothane anesthesia in horses administered midazolam (0.06 mg/kg IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg IV) for induction. The halflife of midazolam in horses (approximately 2 hr [1]) is longer than for ketamine (42 min [11], 65.8 min [25], or 89.9 min [18]) or medetomidine (51.3 min [4]). The muscle relaxation produced by midazolam may be responsible for the ataxia during recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Anesthetic and Cardiovascular Effects of Balanced Anesthesia Using Constant Rate Infusion of Midazolam-Ketamine-Medetomidine with Inhalation of Oxygen-Sevoflurane (MKM-OS Anesthesia) in Horses

Kushiro

Yamashita

Umar

et al. 2005

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. The anesthetic sparring and cardiovascular effects produced by midazolam 0.8 mg/ml-ketamine 40 mg/ml-medetomidine 0.05 mg/ml (0.025 ml/kg/hr) drug infusion during sevoflurane in oxygen (MKM-OS) anesthesia was determined in healthy horses. The anesthetic sparring effects of MKM-OS were assessed in 6 healthy thoroughbred horses in which the right carotid artery was surgically relocated to a subcutaneous position. All horses were intubated and ventilated with oxygen using intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV). The end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane (ET SEV ) required to maintain surgical anesthesia was approximately 1.7%. Heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure averaged 23-41 beats/min and 70-112 mmHg, respectively. All horses stood between 23-44 min after the cessation of all anesthetic drugs. The cardiovascular effects of MKM-OS anesthesia were evaluated in 5 healthy thoroughbred horses ventilated using IPPV. Anesthesia was maintained for 4 hr at an ET SEV of 1.7%. Each horse was studied during left lateral (LR) and dorsal recumbency (DR) with a minimum interval between evaluations of 1 month. Cardiac output and cardiac index were maintained between 70-80% of baseline values during LR and 65-70% of baseline values during DR. Stroke volume was maintained between 75-85% of baseline values during LR and 60-70% of baseline values during DR. Systemic vascular resistance was not different from baseline values regardless of position. MKM-OS anesthesia may be useful for prolonged equine surgery because of its minimal cardiovascular depression in both of lateral and dorsal recumbency.

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“…In TIVA of horses, propofol has been combined with infusion of xylazine [15], medetomidine [3,4], and ketamine [20] to improve anesthesia quality. However, there have been no definite conclusions yet about the agents to combine with propofol in horses due to problems such as hypoxaemia, hypercapnia etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…short duration of action with little cumulative effects, easiness of anesthetic depth control and rapid recovery [13,26]. For this reason, TIVA using propofol became widely performed in people [7] and animals including horses [3,10,15,19,20,22] in recent years.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Effects of Continuous Propofol Infusion in Horses

Oku

Ohta

Katoh

et al. 2006

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. We examined the influence of propofol infusion on cardiovascular system at the rate of 0.14, 0.20 and 0.30 mg/kg/min in six adult Thoroughbred horses. The cardiovascular parameters were heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean right atrial pressure (MRAP), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), pre-ejection period (PEP) and ejection time (ET). In order to keep the ventilation conditions constantly, intermittent positive pressure ventilation was performed, and the partial arterial CO 2 pressure was maintained at 45 to 55 mmHg during maintenance anesthesia. SV showed a significant dose-dependent decrease however, CO did not show significant change. SVR decreased significantly at higher dose. PEP was prolonged and PEP/ET increased significantly at the highest dose. From these results, it became clear that SV decreases dose-dependently due to decrease of cardiac contractility during anesthesia with continuous propofol infusion in horses. On the other hand, since MAP and CO did not show significant changes, total intravenous anesthesia with propofol was suggested to be suitable for long-term anesthesia in horses.

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Simultaneous infusions of propofol and ketamine in ponies premedicated with detomidine: a pharmacokinetic study

Cited by 64 publications

References 22 publications

Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS) as an Indicator of Central Nervous System Depression in Horses Anesthetized with Propofol

Evaluation of Bispectral Index (BIS) as an Indicator of Central Nervous System Depression in Horses Anesthetized with Propofol

Anesthetic and Cardiovascular Effects of Balanced Anesthesia Using Constant Rate Infusion of Midazolam-Ketamine-Medetomidine with Inhalation of Oxygen-Sevoflurane (MKM-OS Anesthesia) in Horses

Cardiovascular Effects of Continuous Propofol Infusion in Horses

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