Simultaneous Introduction of HIV Type 1 Subtype A and B Viruses into Injecting Drug Users in Southern Ukraine at the Beginning of the Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union

Nabatov, Alexey A.; Kravchenko, Olga N.; Lyulchuk, Maria G.; Shcherbinskaya, A. M.; Lukashov, Vladimir V.

doi:10.1089/08892220260190380

Cited by 53 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…In that period, subtype B was predominant, although other HIV-1 clades, of diverse geographic origins, were also detected. [2][3][4] In 1995-1996 HIV-1 infections began to increase dramatically concomitantly with the expansion of a subtype A variant of Central African ancestry 5 that originated in Southern Ukraine 6,7 and spread to all countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU), in most of which it is the predominant HIV-1 genetic form 8,9 ; for this reason it is frequently designated A FSU variant. In addition to A FSU , other HIV-1 genetic forms circulating in FSU countries at lower prevalences include subtype B, predominant in men who have sex with men, [8][9][10] CRF03_AB, predominant in the Russian cities of Kaliningrad 11 and Cherepovets, 12 subtype F, circulating as a minor variant in St. Petersburg, Russia, 13 and a CRF02_AG variant (CRF02_AG FSU ), 14,15 which was first detected among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, in 1999-2000, 14 and has subsequently been reported in Kazakhstan, new near full-length genome sequences of CRF63_02A1, reanalyzing its mosaic structure, and we estimate its epidemic history.…”

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confidence: 99%

Short Communication: Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, and Phylodynamics of CRF63_02A1, a Recently Originated HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form Spreading in Siberia

Shcherbakova

Shalamova²,

Delgado³

et al. 2014

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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The HIV-1 epidemic in Russia is dominated by the former Soviet Union subtype A (A FSU ) variant, but other genetic forms are circulating in the country. One is the recently described CRF63_02A1, derived from recombination between a CRF02_AG variant circulating in Central Asia and A FSU , which has spread in the Novosibirsk region, Siberia. Here we phylogenetically analyze pol and env segments from 24 HIV-1 samples from the Novosibirsk region collected in 2013, with characterization of three new near full-length genome CRF63_02A1 sequences, and estimate the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) and the demographic growth of CRF63_02A1 using a Bayesian method. The analyses revealed that CRF63_02A1 is highly predominant in the Novosibirsk region (81.2% in pol sequences) and is transmitted both among injecting drug users and by heterosexual contact. Similarity searches with database sequences combined with phylogenetic analyses show that CRF63_02A1 is circulating in East Kazakhstan and the Eastern area of Russia bordering China. The analyses of near full-length genome sequences show that its mosaic structure is more complex than reported, with 18 breakpoints. The tMRCA of CRF63_02A1 was estimated around 2006, with exponential growth in 2008-2009 and subsequent stabilization. These results provide new insights into the molecular epidemiology, phylogeny, and phylodynamics of CRF63_02A1.

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confidence: 99%

Short Communication: Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, and Phylodynamics of CRF63_02A1, a Recently Originated HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form Spreading in Siberia

Shcherbakova

Shalamova²,

Delgado³

et al. 2014

AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses

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“…The efficiency of NA extraction for each test and the HIV subtypes of the samples also might contribute to the discordant results, as discussed for an EID test evaluation study in Kenya (22). HIV subtype information was not available in this study, but the subtypes for clinical samples in Ukraine are primarily subtypes A and B (32)(33)(34).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Performance of an Early Infant Diagnostic Test, AmpliSens DNA-HIV-FRT, Using Dried Blood Spots Collected from Children Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Mothers in Ukraine

et al. 2015

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U kraine experienced the most severe human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in Europe before prevention measures began to slow transmission (1-3). In 2013, approximately 210,000 persons were living with HIV, and the HIV prevalence was 0.8% among adults 15 to 49 years of age and women at childbirth (1-3). HIV infections in Ukraine mainly are the result of injection drug use (4). However, heterosexual HIV transmission in Ukraine is increasing (4). Because of women's biological and social vulnerability (e.g., women engaging in commercial sex work to provide funds for drugs for their male partners), women are more prone to infection (4, 5). Women now represent 45% of all adults living with HIV in Ukraine, and the majority of those women are of reproductive age (4, 5). In 2001, the Ukrainian government implemented a national program for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Since then, the rate of mother-tochild transmission has decreased from 21% to 3.7% (6), as of 2011. Although the numbers of HIV-infected pregnant women have plateaued, approximately 4,000 HIV-exposed children are born each year (1, 4).In order for HIV-infected children to receive antiretroviral treatment as early as possible, accurate accessible early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV is crucial. The World Health Organization (WHO) strongly recommends using virological tests for EID, because infants and children of HIV-positive mothers acquire antibodies transplacentally and the antibodies can persist in the infants for up to 18 months after birth (7). Ukraine has had insufficient capacity for full coverage with EID virological methods. Since 2006, Ukrainian laboratories have been using a DNAbased PCR test, the AmpliSens DNA-HIV-FRT PCR assay (InterLabService, Moscow, Russia), for EID using infants' venous whole blood (8). Using venous whole blood for EID presents challenges in resource-limited settings and remote areas, because wholeblood samples require cold-chain transportation and the conditions for sample storage and processing are more stringent. Dried blood spot (DBS) samples offer multiple advantages for EID, because the samples can be collected easily by heel prick or finger stick and can be stored at ambient temperature for long periods (9-15). Because of their greater stability at ambient temperature, DBS samples can be transported by postal mail to centralized laboratories for testing and, if packaged correctly, do not raise biosafety concerns regarding the health of postal workers (9-15). Published data indicate that DBS samples are suitable and practical for quality EID and have aided service expansion in sub-Saharan Africa (16-21). In our study, for the first time, the performances of the AmpliSens DNA PCR assay and two commercially Performance of an early infant diagnostic test, AmpliSens DNA-HIV-FRT, using dried blood spots collected from children born to human immunodeficiency virus-infected mothers in Ukraine.

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“…54,89 In Eastern Europe the subtype A has been disseminating since 1995 in the countries from the Former Soviet Union, mainly Russia and Ukraine. 12,83,98 HIV subtype B has been the main epidemic component in the Western Europe (60%), together with subtype A (11%), C (5%) and other subtypes (11%). 32,50,51,130,134 Subtype B is also predominant in Americas, 78,79,144 and in the Australian continent, 48 and also in some Asian countries as Korea, 102 India and Singapure.…”

Section: Genomic Variabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide molecular epidemiology of HIV

Requejo

2006

Rev. Saúde Pública

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Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the worldwide disseminated causative agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV is a member of the Lentivirus genus of Retroviridae family and is grouped in two types named HIV-1 and HIV-2. These viruses have a notable ability to mutate and adapt to the new conditions of human environment. A large incidence of errors at the transcriptional level results in changes on the genetic bases during the reproductive cycle. The elevated genomic variability of HIV has carried important implications for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention as well as epidemiologic investigations. The present review describes important definitions and geographical distribution of subtypes, circulating recombinant forms and other genomic variations of HIV. The present study aimed at leading students of Biomedical Sciences and public health laboratory staff guidance to general and specific knowledge about the genomic variability of the HIV.

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Simultaneous Introduction of HIV Type 1 Subtype A and B Viruses into Injecting Drug Users in Southern Ukraine at the Beginning of the Epidemic in the Former Soviet Union

Cited by 53 publications

References 10 publications

Short Communication: Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, and Phylodynamics of CRF63_02A1, a Recently Originated HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form Spreading in Siberia

Short Communication: Molecular Epidemiology, Phylogeny, and Phylodynamics of CRF63_02A1, a Recently Originated HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form Spreading in Siberia

Performance of an Early Infant Diagnostic Test, AmpliSens DNA-HIV-FRT, Using Dried Blood Spots Collected from Children Born to Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Mothers in Ukraine

Worldwide molecular epidemiology of HIV

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