Simultaneous low‐salt dyeing and anti‐bacterial finishing of cotton fabric with reactive dye and N‐halamine

Abstract

A reactive dye, Novacron Deep Orange S‐4R, and an anti‐bacterial precursor, 4‐(4‐(2,2,6,6‐tetramethyl‐4‐piperidinol)‐6‐chloro‐1,3,5‐triazinylamino)‐benzenesulphonate, both of which are monohalogenated‐s‐triazine–based compounds, were chosen for the simultaneous dyeing and anti‐bacterial finishing of cotton fabric. To effectively reduce the emissions of pollutants and the dosage of sodium sulphate added during dyeing and finishing, a cationisation reagent, 2,3‐epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, was used to modify cotton fabric before dyeing and finishing. The cationised cotton fabrics obtained 0.18% active chlorine loadings and good dye depth after the simultaneous dyeing and finishing process with low addition of sodium sulphate. The chlorinated fabrics inactivated all inoculated Staphylococcus aureus (Gram‐positive) and Escherichia coli (Gram‐negative) within 10 minutes of contact. The treated cotton fabric maintained high breaking strength as well as good washing stability.

Preparation of N-halamine antimicrobial cotton fabric based on plasma treatment

“…The titration process was as follows: the fabric of 0.15g was added to 5ml deionized water, then 0.2g of KI and 1ml of 0.5% starch solution was added to the solution, and then titrated with Na 2 S 2 O 3 solution (Ma et al 2019). When the dark blue disappears, the titration was stopped and each sample was titrated three times in parallel (Zhang et al 2021). The chlorine content on cotton fabric could be calculated by the following equation.…”

Development of functional cotton fabric by simultaneous dyeing and finishing with a novel bioactive reactive dye

“…Several researchers discovered the development of sustainable bioactive textiles using flora leaves as a source of natural dye and mordant (Zhang et al 2021) but the main drawbacks of these systems are the limited availability of raw materials and costly processes. According to current state-of-the-art knowledge, the existing synthetic bioactive agents are applied on the textiles using crosslinkers (Rafique et al 2014) or binders (Ibrahim et al 2019) and the maximum washing durability of such finished bioactive textiles is up to 20 domestic laundries.…”

“…Conventional trends have now been shifted towards more economical and sustainable approaches such as merging of textile pre-treatment steps (Eren et al 2009), use of eco-friendly naturally occurring colorants for imparting color and functionality to textiles (Wang et al 2022) , the synthesis and single-bath application of bifunctional finishes (Kundu et al 2022) and simultaneous dyeing and finishing of textile (Farouk et al 2021). Some studies have been conducted on the sustainable simultaneous dyeing and antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric to reduce the release of toxic chemicals into the environment such as the addition of silver (Ag) nanoparticles (Mahmoud et al 2021) to the reactive dyebath to make cotton fabric resistant to microbes or synthesis and application of thiazole-based antibacterial dyes for simultaneous dyeing and antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric (Mohamed et al 2018), one-bath application of structurally compatible antibacterial agent and reactive dye (Zhang et al 2021), incorporation of antimicrobial glutaraldehyde or terephalaldehyde into monochlorotriazine reactive dyes (Mohamed et al 2022), using bioactive sulfonamide moiety as dye intermediate for synthesizing antimicrobial reactive dye (Sagheer et al 2022) and immobilization of in-situ fabricated silver nanoparticles on fabric using gardenia yellow plant phytochemicals (Jiang et al 2022).…”

“…Therefore, there has been an unmet requirement for bioactive textiles suitable for personal hygienic purposes as well as the prevention of cross-infections in hospitals. 1 Several researchers have reported the development of sustainable bioactive textiles using the leaves of different flora as a source of natural dye and mordant 2 but the main drawbacks of these systems are the limited availability of raw materials and costly processes. In recent years, various synthetic inorganics such as metallic nanoparticles, including zinc, 3,4 titanium, 5–7 silver, and copper, 8 and organics such as halogenated phenols 9 and quaternary ammonium compounds have been used as antimicrobial agents for the development of bioactive textiles.…”

“…23,24 Some studies have been conducted on the sustainable and simultaneous dyeing and antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric to reduce the release of toxic chemicals into the environment. Examples include as the addition of silver (Ag) nanoparticles 25 to the reactive dye bath to make cotton fabric resistant to microbes, the synthesis and application of thiazole-based antibacterial dyes for concurrent dyeing and antibacterial finishing of cotton fabric, 26 the one-pot application of a structurally compatible antibacterial agent and reactive dye, 2 the incorporation of antimicrobial glutaraldehyde or terephthalaldehyde into monochlorotriazine reactive dyes, 27 the use of a bioactive sulfonamide moiety as a dye intermediate for synthesizing an antimicrobial reactive dye, 28 the synthesis and application of a bifunctional antimicrobial reactive finish, 29 and the immobilization of in situ fabricated silver nanoparticles on fabric using gardenia yellow plant phytochemicals. 30 Irrespective of the recent innovations in sustainable dyeing and finishing techniques to control the release of hazardous chemicals in wastewater, the leaching of applied finishing agents from the fabric during washing also still presents a great challenge.…”