Simultaneous production of three phenazine pigments by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Mac 436

Chang, Poa-Chun; Blackwood, A. C.

doi:10.1139/m69-077

Cited by 58 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…The structural features and spectral properties of the antibiotic isolated from P. fluorescens are similar to those of the antibiotic tubermycin B (phenazine-1-carboxylic acid) (2). However, the solubility properties, molecular weights, I II VOL.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

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Characterization of an antibiotic produced by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibitory to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Pythium spp

Gurusiddaiah¹,

Weller²,

Sarkar³

et al. 1986

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

176

105

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The production, isolation, and characterization of an antibiotic substance from cultures of Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 (NRRL B-15132) is described. P. fluorescens 2-79 originally was isolated from the roots of wheat and is suppressive to the wheat root disease take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The antibiotic was isolated from potato glucose broth cultures of strain 2-79 by solvent extraction. It was purified by silica gel column chromatography and was a greenish yellow, needle-shaped crystal with a melting point of 242°C (decomposition). It was soluble in methylene chloride, chloroform, acetone, 2 N sodium hydroxide, and 2 N hydrochloric acid and was insoluble in water, methanol, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, and petroleum ether. On the basis of UV, infrared, 'H-nuclear magnetic resonance, "3C-nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectral analysis, and elemental analysis, the structure of the antibiotic is proposed to be a dimer of phenazine carboxylic acid. Lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the antibiotic yielded hydroxymethyl phenazine as a major product which retained most of the biological characteristics of the parent molecule. There were no toxic symptoms when mice received this antibiotic by oral doses up to 464 mg/kg. The antibiotic showed excellent activity against several species of fungi, including the wheat pathogens Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium aristosporum; and it may have a role in suppression of take-all in vivo by strain 2-79.Pseudomonasfluorescens 2-79 (NRRL B-15132) (12) originally was isolated from the roots of wheat growing in soil from a field where the wheat root disease take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici had spontaneously declined (9). When cells of this bacterium are applied to wheat seed, the bacteria colonize the roots and suppress the pathogen on the roots (12). Strain 2-79 is highly inhibitory to G. graminis var. tritici in vitro on several media (12), and antibiotic and siderophore production probably are important mechanisms of suppression of take-all in vivo (D. M. Weller, W. J. Howie, and R. J. Cook, Phytopathology 75:1301, 1985. In this report we describe an antimicrobial compound produced by P. fluorescens 2-79 that may be involved in suppression of take-all in vivo. This description deals with the production, purification, and characterization of the antibiotic. MATERIALS AND METHODSMaintenance of stock culture of P. fluorescens 2-79. Strain 2-79 can be grown on most common media including King medium B (7), potato glucose agar, nutrient agar (Difco Laboratories, Detroit, Mich.), and nutrient agar containing 0.5% yeast extract (Difco). The strain can be maintained in a lyophilized state in sealed ampoules at 5°C and in sterile soil in screw-cap tubes at 8°C for a prolonged period with no loss in antibiotic-producing ability.Cultural conditions for production of the antibiotic. For the production of the antibiotic, strain 2-79 was grown in potat...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 82%

“…A fragment at mlz 360 strongly suggests the existence of a dimer. The existence of a phenazine moiety in the antibiotic molecule is further supported by a strong absorption peak at 251 nm accompanied by a broad peak at 364 nm (with shoulders at 353 and 409 nm), and also by the infrared bands at 860 and 840 cm-' (2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Characterization of an antibiotic produced by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibitory to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Pythium spp

Gurusiddaiah¹,

Weller²,

Sarkar³

et al. 1986

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

176

105

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“…Strains of P. aeruginosa have been shown to vary in the timing and extent of phenazine production relative to the growth phase (9,10,18). We have observed that the appearance of pyocyanin in wild-type P. aeruginosa PA14 LB cultures correlates with entry into stationary phase and that pyocyanin production plateaus in late stationary phase, reaching concentra-FIG.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Pyocyanin Alters Redox Homeostasis and Carbon Flux through Central Metabolic Pathways in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14

Price-Whelan¹,

2007

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The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces colorful, redox-active antibiotics called phenazines. Excretion of pyocyanin, the best-studied natural phenazine, is responsible for the bluish tint of sputum and pus associated with P. aeruginosa infections in humans. Although the toxicity of pyocyanin for other bacteria, as well as its role in eukaryotic infection, has been studied extensively, the physiological relevance of pyocyanin metabolism for the producing organism is not well understood. Pyocyanin reduction by P. aeruginosa PA14 is readily observed in standing liquid cultures that have consumed all of the oxygen in the medium. We investigated the physiological consequences of pyocyanin reduction by assaying intracellular concentrations of NADH and NAD ؉ in the wild-type strain and a mutant defective in phenazine production. We found that the mutant accumulated more NADH in stationary phase than the wild type. This increased accumulation correlated with a decrease in oxygen availability and was relieved by the addition of nitrate. Pyocyanin addition to a phenazine-null mutant also decreased intracellular NADH levels, suggesting that pyocyanin reduction facilitates redox balancing in the absence of other electron acceptors. Analysis of extracellular organic acids revealed that pyocyanin stimulated stationary-phase pyruvate excretion in P. aeruginosa PA14, indicating that pyocyanin may also influence the intracellular redox state by decreasing carbon flux through central metabolic pathways.

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“…Chorismic acid has long been recognized as the branch point from the shikimic acid pathway to phenazine synthesis (26). Studies with radiolabeled precursors suggest that the phenazine core is formed by the symmetrical condensation of two molecules of chorismic acid (7,20,22,26), while the amide nitrogen of glutamine serves as the immediate source of nitrogen in the heterocyclic nucleus of phenazine compounds (36). Phenazine-1,6-dicarboxylic acid is the first phenazine formed, and it is thought to be converted to phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), a key intermediate in the synthesis of other phenazines by fluorescent pseudomonads (6,20,22,28).…”

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confidence: 99%

phzO , a Gene for Biosynthesis of 2-Hydroxylated Phenazine Compounds in Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84

et al. 2001

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Certain strains of root-colonizing fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. produce phenazines, a class of antifungal metabolites that can provide protection against various soilborne root pathogens. Despite the fact that the phenazine biosynthetic locus is highly conserved among fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., individual strains differ in the range of phenazine compounds they produce. This study focuses on the ability of Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84 to produce 2-hydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylic acid (2-OH-PCA) and 2-hydroxyphenazine from the common phenazine metabolite phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA). P. aureofaciens 30-84 contains a novel gene located downstream from the core phenazine operon that encodes a 55-kDa aromatic monooxygenase responsible for the hydroxylation of PCA to produce 2-OH-PCA. Knowledge of the genes responsible for phenazine product specificity could ultimately reveal ways to manipulate organisms to produce multiple phenazines or novel phenazines not previously described.

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Simultaneous production of three phenazine pigments by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mac 436

Cited by 58 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of an antibiotic produced by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibitory to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Pythium spp

Characterization of an antibiotic produced by a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens inhibitory to Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici and Pythium spp

Pyocyanin Alters Redox Homeostasis and Carbon Flux through Central Metabolic Pathways in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14

phzO , a Gene for Biosynthesis of 2-Hydroxylated Phenazine Compounds in Pseudomonas aureofaciens 30-84

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