Simultaneous rupture propagation through fault bifurcation of the 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo earthquake

Wei, Shengji; Zeng, Hongyu; Shi, Qibin; Liu, Jihong; Luo, Heng; Hu, Wan-Lin; Liu, Yu; Wang, Weitao; Ma, Zhangfeng; Liu‐Zeng, Jing; Wang, Teng

doi:10.1002/essoar.10511832.1

Cited by 2 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Xu & Zhang, 2023). Wei et al (2022) argue for sustained subshear speed of the entire rupture from back-projection and multiple point source inversion, which is in line with the joint geodetic and teleseismic inversion of Chen et al (2022). Our geodetically constrained dynamic rupture simulations indicate energetic nucleation and eastward unilateral, cascading supershear rupture speeds with a double transition from sub-to supershear speeds that would complicate observational inferences.…”

Section: Unilateral Supershear and Cascading Dynamic Rupturesupporting

confidence: 68%

“…The rupture speed inferred for the eastward-propagating front falls in the range of 3-5 km/s (Yue et al, 2022;Q. Li et al, 2022) whereas the westward propagation is inferred as 2.5-2.8 km/s (Chen et al, 2022;Wei et al, 2022). However, the mechanical relationship between potential supershear rupture episodes and regional tectonics remains highly debated, partially due to the nonuniqueness of the results from various data-driven and physics-based models Yue et al, 2022;Wei et al, 2022;Fan et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Non-typical supershear rupture: fault heterogeneity and segmentation govern unilateral supershear and cascading multi-fault rupture in the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake

Hayek,

Marchandon,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Previous geodetic and teleseismic observations of the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo earthquake imply surprising but difficult-to-constrain complexity, including rupture across multiple fault segments and supershear rupture. Here, we present an integrated analysis of multi-fault 3D dynamic rupture models, high-resolution optical correlation analysis, and joint optical-InSAR slip inversion. Our preferred model, validated by the teleseismic multi-peak moment rate release, includes unilateral eastward double-onset supershear speeds and cascading rupture dynamically triggering two adjacent fault branches. We propose that pronounced along-strike variation in fracture energy, complex fault geometries, and multi-scale variable prestress drives this event's complex rupture dynamics. We illustrate how supershear transition has signatures in modeled and observed off-fault deformation. Our study opens new avenues to combine observations and models to better understand complex earthquake dynamics, including local and potentially repeating supershear episodes across immature faults or under heterogeneous stress and strength conditions, which are potentially not unusual.

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Section: Unilateral Supershear and Cascading Dynamic Rupturesupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-typical supershear rupture: fault heterogeneity and segmentation govern unilateral supershear and cascading multi-fault rupture in the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake

Hayek,

Marchandon,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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“…The 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo earthquake ruptured bilaterally and with a strike-slip left-lateral mechanism the Jiangcuo fault, located within the Bayan Har block of the Eastern Tibetan plateau (e.g., Fan et al, 2022;L. He et al, 2021;Liu et al, 2022;Wei et al, 2022). This earthquake generated a 160-km long surface rupture, which has been widely characterized using several geodetic (e.g., Fan et al, 2022;K.…”

Section: Study Site and Available Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This earthquake generated a 160-km long surface rupture, which has been widely characterized using several geodetic (e.g., Fan et al, 2022;K. He et al, 2021;Jin and Fialko, 2021;Liu et al, 2021;Tong et al, 2022;Xiong et al, 2022;Yang et al, 2022;Zhao et al, 2021), field (Pan et al, 2022;Ren et al, 2022Ren et al, , 2021Xie et al, 2022;Yuan et al, 2022) and seismic data (e.g., Wei et al, 2022;Zhang et al, 2022). Field data report sparse surface ruptures with up to 2.6-2.9 m of horizontal displacement detected locally along primary fault strands (Pan et al, 2022;Ren et al, 2022Ren et al, , 2021Xie et al, 2022;Yuan et al, 2022).…”

Section: Study Site and Available Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of optical imagery and topography data resolution on the measurement of surface fault displacement using sub-pixel image correlation

Antoine,

Liu

2024

Preprint

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The amount and spatial distribution of surface displacement that occurs during an earthquake are critical information to our understanding of the earthquake source and rupture processes. However, the earthquake surface displacement generally occurs over wide regions, includes multiple components affecting the ground surface at different spatial scales, and is challenging to characterize. In this study, we assess the sensitivity of optical imagery and topography datasets of different resolutions to the earthquake surface displacement when using optical image cross-correlation (OIC) techniques. Results show that the average noise in the output displacement maps linearly increases with decreasing image resolution, leading to greater uncertainty in determining the geometry of the faults and the associated displacement. Fault displacements are, on average, under-estimated by a factor ~0.7-0.8 when using 10 m compared to 0.5 m resolution imagery. Our analysis suggests that an optical image resolution of ≤1 m is necessary to accurately capture the complexity of the ground displacement. We also demonstrate that sub-meter vertical accuracy of the digital surface/elevation model (DSM/DEM) is also required for accurate image orthorectification, and is better achieved using high-resolution stereo optical imagery than existing global baseline topography data. Together, these results highlight the measurement needs for improving the observation of earthquake surface displacement towards the development of future Earth surface topography and topography change observing systems.

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Simultaneous rupture propagation through fault bifurcation of the 2021 Mw7.4 Maduo earthquake

Cited by 2 publications

References 3 publications

Non-typical supershear rupture: fault heterogeneity and segmentation govern unilateral supershear and cascading multi-fault rupture in the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake

Non-typical supershear rupture: fault heterogeneity and segmentation govern unilateral supershear and cascading multi-fault rupture in the 2021 Mw 7.4 Maduo Earthquake

Impact of optical imagery and topography data resolution on the measurement of surface fault displacement using sub-pixel image correlation

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