Much effort has been put into the characterization of the final superstructures and the investigation of the NP assembly by many groups. We know from these studies that the particles can arrange into fcc, bcc, or hcp superlattices showing a long-range ordering of the primary building units. [8] These supracrystals show a high symmetry and well-defined facets yielding octahedra, [7] hexagonal plates, [6] five-armed stars, [9] and more complex twinned structures. [10] Furthermore, there are a lot of investigations dealing with the self-assembly of nanoparticles and the corresponding mechanism. Different models have been developed ranging from a hard sphere model, [11,12] where the NPs are assumed to be spherical objects of similar size, to soft sphere models, where the kind of ligand determines the self-assembly. [13,14] Also the driving force and the assembly probability on steps, holes, or edges have been calculated. [15] Nevertheless, the formation process itself, which takes place in solution, has yet to be fully understood.In this study, we achieved insight into the formation process in solution by investigating the morphology of the resulting supracrystals. Due to the large variety of reported morphologies, we decided to examine one of the most frequently observed symmetrical crystal shapes, which will be called trigonal supracrystal (see Figure 1) in the following. Additionally, we surveyed the influences of different preparation parameters on the resulting superstructures.Trigonal Ag supracrystals have been prepared via gas-phase destabilization techniques (details can be found in the Supporting Information). On the basis of high-resolution scanning electron microscopy (HRSEM), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements, the concept of substrate-affected growth is introduced to explain the formation of trigonal shaped supracrystals yielding the size of the supracrystals, which are formed in solution. We will show that the self-assembly can be influenced by the preparation parameters such as concentration, temperature, NP size, and size distribution leading to a control of the size of the supracrystals formed in solution. In order to evaluate the concept of substrate-affected growth, the investigations have been extended toward Au.From the literature, we can conclude that trigonal supracrystals occurred, if there is on the one hand a fcc arrangement of the NPs and on the other hand a plane (substrate) surface.
The Formation and Morphology of Nanoparticle SupracrystalsDanny Haubold, Annett Reichhelm, Alexander Weiz, Lars Borchardt, Christoph Ziegler, Lydia Bahrig, Stefan Kaskel, Michael Ruck, and Alexander Eychmüller* Supracrystals are highly symmetrical ordered superstructures built up from nanoparticles (NPs) via self-assembly. While the NP assembly has been intensively investigated, the formation mechanism is still not understood. To shed some light onto the formation mechanism, one of the most common supracrystal morphologies, the trigonal structures, ...