“…In Reference 17, a set of moving morphable voids described by B-spline curves was adopted as basic building blocks for topology optimization. Due to the big potential in providing explicit geometry information, MMC/MMV has extended to solve three-dimensional problems, 18,19 shell optimization problems, 20,21 crash problems, 22 flexible multibody problems, [23][24][25] length scale control problems, 26,27 and so on. [28][29][30][31][32][33] Additionally, a similar idea to MMC has also been proposed in References 34-38 by using geometry projection technique under SIMP framework.…”