Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Cd²⁺ and Pb²⁺ in Gasoline Samples Employing a Chemically Modified Acrylonitrile‐Butadiene‐Styrene (ABS) Composite Electrode

Abstract

A composite electrode based on acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene and graphite chemically modified with a bismuth film (AGCE‐BiF) was applied for the simultaneous determination of Cd2+ and Pb2+ in gasoline samples. Extraction induced by microemulsion breaking (EIMB) was used for the first time in the preparation of the samples for electroanalysis. AGCE‐BiF was characterized by SEM, AFM, CV, and SWASV. The sensor showed an increase in sensitivity via in situ modification with bismuth film. The LOD was 4 μg L−1 for Cd2+ and 2 μg L−1 for Pb2+. The results showed satisfactory recoveries and precision, being statistically compatible to those obtained with FAAS.

Carbon black/acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene composite material incorporated with silver nanoparticles: A new sensitive and cost‐effective electrochemical platform for trace lead detection in seawater samples

“…The analytical performance of the developed electrode was compared with other electrochemical sensors reported in the literature, such as bismuth film-modified carbon-based electrodes [15,21,60], AgNPs-modified screen-printed electrodes (SPE) [11,47,61], and 3Dprinted electrodes [62], considering the deposition time, linear range, and LOD (Table 4). Although a narrow linear working range was found, a low LOD (0.4 μg L À 1 ) was achieved, which is mandatory for monitoring low levels of Pb 2 + in aquatic environments.…”

“…Concerning the insulating phase, its main function is to bind the conductive phase and establish adequate mechanical properties. The most commonly employed materials are mineral oil [11], paraffin [12], epoxy [13], polylactic acid (PLA) [14], and acrylonitrile-butadienestyrene (ABS) [15]. With the advent of 3D printing technology, thermoplastic polymers such as ABS and PLA have gained great attention due to the various rapid prototyping possibilities for building electrochemical devices [16,17].…”

A simple, fast and inexpensive approach to quantify low concentrations of iron in biodiesel by voltammetry after extraction induced by microemulsion breaking

“…32 Besides these methods, we have found a few studies involving EIMB and electroanalytical techniques, e.g., the determination of Cd and Pb in gasoline samples used in Brazil. 33 To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the rst time that EIMB has been used to extract Fe from any fuel or biofuel samples for its subsequent voltammetric determination. Moreover, other improvements compared to another voltammetric method to determine Fe in biodiesel 22 involve the presence of Bi(III) in the solution containing the sample in the cell, instead of the ex situ Bi lm formation on the electrode surface, the non-necessity of deaerating the solution with a pure inert gas to eliminate the dissolved oxygen, and the use of a portable instead of a bench potentiostat.…”

Extraction Induced by Microemulsion Breaking and Square Wave Voltammetry: A Promising Union to Monitor Cd, Pb and Cu in Biodiesel

“…The use of EIMB combined with voltammetric methods was firstly reported for the simultaneous determination of Cd and Pb in gasoline based on an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene and a chemically modified bismuth film graphite (AGCE-BiF) working electrode after EIMB. 45 The extraction of metals to an aqueous phase with a strong electrolyte makes the EIMB a promising and suitable method of sample pretreatment for further voltammetric applications. Hence, this work proposes the simultaneous quantification of traces of Cd and Pb followed by the sequential quantification of traces of Cu in biodiesel samples by SWASV, after EIMB, using low volumes of n-propanol and HNO 3 solution during ME formation, and ultrapure water to separate the phases.…”