Simultaneously carbonized and sulfonated sugarcane bagasse as solid acid catalyst for the esterification of oleic acid with methanol

Catalyst Activity of Solid Acid Catalyst Derived From Agricultural Biomass for Biodiesel Production From Waste Cooking Oil

“…This reflects low stability of both oil palm frond and groundnut shell in an acidic environment. Nevertheless, the values of sulfonic acid density and total acid density of the prepared catalysts in this study are comparable to the acid density values reported in previous literatures [30,31].…”

Non‐catalytic and heterogeneous acid/base‐catalyzed biodiesel production: Recent and future developments

“…In order to support that argument, it would be helpful if the authors mentioned the washing procedure in detail, particularly on the washing temperature. In a more recent work, it was found that extensive washing prior to the first use of the catalyst would remove the loosely attached active sites, whereby resulting in catalysts of better stability 223 …”

“…Development on novel catalysts will be continued for years onward while focusing on utilizing waste materials as catalyst precursor and fatty acid‐ or glycerol‐like surface modifier. New strategies focusing on the utilization of waste lignocellulosic biomass as carbon‐based catalyst 223,255,256 are gaining much attention along with calcium‐based waste/residues 257,258 while developing new synthesis routes employing fewer processing steps 223,259 and lower process severity 234,256 while producing value‐added by‐products 260 . Process enhancement through improved mass and heat transfer of the reaction system may support catalytic and non‐catalytic biodiesel production.…”

“…Leaching problem should be handled seriously, especially in the case that leachate is in the glycerol phase because glycerol purity is important in the biochemical utilization of glycerol. Thus, optimization of washing of catalyst should not be limited only on the reuse of the catalyst but as well as on the freshly synthesized catalyst to ensure stable catalysts are being used at the beginning 223,259 . Optimization in biodiesel production to obtain conditions for maximum yield may develop further to include prediction of kinetic and thermodynamic parameters and account process productivity as one of the response parameters to be optimized.…”

Zirconia‐coated magnetic Fe2O3 nanoparticles supported 12‐tungstophosphoric acid: A novel environmentally friendly catalyst for biodiesel production

“…Conversion of oleic acid into methyl oleate over five consecutive esterification runs with methanol (each running for 4 hr at 80 C, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio 12:1) using 3 wt% xHPW/Fe-Z catalysts (x = 20, 30, or 50 wt%) [43] High alcohol to oleic acid ratio TPA 3 /Hβ 6 60 20 3.5 84 [44] High alcohol to oleic acid ratio CS-SAC 6 120 7 5 79 [16] Low conversion; high temperature SAC-SCB 4 65 20 10 46.5 [45] Low conversion; high catalyst content Amberlyst-15 6 75 6 20 53 [46] Low conversion; high catalyst content 300-Nb 2 O 5 /SO 4 2− 2 100 20 5 44 [47] Low conversion; high molar ratio 30HPW/Fe-Z 4 80 12 3 98.1 Mild reaction condition; high conversion recovered catalyst during heating was higher than that of the fresh catalyst due to the additional mass loss stage occurring in the temperature range of 200-600 C. Thus, the recovered catalyst does retain a certain amount of other substances that are thermally desorbed at temperatures higher than those of the physically adsorbed solvent molecules. Therefore, the retained substances most likely correspond to oleic acid reagents or methyl oleate products.…”