“…Following Schäfer et al, 21,32 we embed efficiency losses into the process model by means of a piecewise linear approximation with a set of equidistant support points {( p i , r i )}. Instead of using the formulation of Schäfer et al 21,32 with equality constraints and binary variables, we apply a reformulation into a set of inequality constraints without binary variables as suggested by Varelmann et al 48 Thus, for a process with efficiency losses, Equation () is replaced by where b i and s i denote the linearization parameters intercept and slope, respectively, for the set of linearization intervals . Note that the reformulation Equations () only holds due to the concave curvature of Equation () in the interval p s , t ∈ [ P nom θ min , P nom (1 + θ add )] 48 .…”