Abstract:The aim of this study was to understand the pull-out properties of E-glass woven fabrics. For this purpose, low yarn linear density E-Glass-F1 and high yarn linear density E-Glass-F2 woven fabrics were used to conduct the pull-out tests. A developed yarn pull-out fixture was used to test short and long fabric sample dimensions. Data generated from the single and multiple yarn pull-out tests using E-Glass-F1 and E-Glass-F2 woven fabrics included fabric pull-out forces, yarn crimp extensions in the fabrics and … Show more
“…It is explicable that increasing the number of pulled yarn ends causes an increase in JRF. 15,16,40,42–44 What is unexpected from Bilisik’s research is that JRF is not proportional to the yarn ends: the relationship is more exponential. A possible explanation for this might be that nonlinear yarn-crossing frictions occurred in the out-of-plane regions of the fabric.…”
Section: The Behavior Of a Yarn Being Pulled Outmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…Still, it is not difficult to determine that weaves with higher thread density and lower yarn linear density are more capable of accommodating pull-out load. 25,41,42…”
Section: The Behavior Of a Yarn Being Pulled Outmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…When yarns are pulled out consecutively instead of simultaneously, the JRF following that of the first yarn drop dramatically and almost stays at the same level. 42,45 Modeling the yarn pull-out process…”
Section: Influence Of the Number Of Yarns Pulled Outmentioning
This paper reviews the topic of yarn pull-out on a plain woven fabric. It deals with previous works on experimental testing and theory exploration regarding this process, also including the prominent stick-slip behavior and the associated modeling techniques. Finally, it discusses the advances in chemical treatment and construction modification for the increase in yarn gripping force. The current paper serves as a source of literature for those willing to undertake additional research in this area and for those interested in developing flexible body armor with improved ballistic protection.
“…It is explicable that increasing the number of pulled yarn ends causes an increase in JRF. 15,16,40,42–44 What is unexpected from Bilisik’s research is that JRF is not proportional to the yarn ends: the relationship is more exponential. A possible explanation for this might be that nonlinear yarn-crossing frictions occurred in the out-of-plane regions of the fabric.…”
Section: The Behavior Of a Yarn Being Pulled Outmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…Still, it is not difficult to determine that weaves with higher thread density and lower yarn linear density are more capable of accommodating pull-out load. 25,41,42…”
Section: The Behavior Of a Yarn Being Pulled Outmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…When yarns are pulled out consecutively instead of simultaneously, the JRF following that of the first yarn drop dramatically and almost stays at the same level. 42,45 Modeling the yarn pull-out process…”
Section: Influence Of the Number Of Yarns Pulled Outmentioning
This paper reviews the topic of yarn pull-out on a plain woven fabric. It deals with previous works on experimental testing and theory exploration regarding this process, also including the prominent stick-slip behavior and the associated modeling techniques. Finally, it discusses the advances in chemical treatment and construction modification for the increase in yarn gripping force. The current paper serves as a source of literature for those willing to undertake additional research in this area and for those interested in developing flexible body armor with improved ballistic protection.
“…Initially, the pull-out force increases as a result of the static friction and the crimp extension of the yarn. After the force reaches a maximum it decreases with slip and stick effects 30,31 when the warp yarn crosses the weft yarns. Figure 6.Yarn pull-out test: (a) experimental set-up; (b) typical pull-out force displacement curve.…”
Structural frames have been established in many technical applications and typically consist of interconnected profiles. The profiles are commonly joined with node elements. For lightweight structures, the use of composite node elements is expedient. Due to the anisotropic mechanical properties of the fibers, high demands are placed on the orientation of the fibers in the textile reinforcement structure. A continuous fiber course around the circumference and at the junctions is necessary for an excellent force transmission. A special binding and forming process was developed based on the weaving technology. It allows the production of near-net-shaped node elements with branches in any spatial direction, which meet the requirements of load-adjusted fiber orientation. The principles by which these three-dimensional (3D) node elements are converted into a suitable geometry for weaving as a net shape multilayer fabric are reported. The intersections of the branches are described mathematically and flattened to a plane. This is the basis for the weave pattern development. Forming simulations on the macro- and meso-scales complement the analyses. A macro-scale model based on the finite element method (FEM) is used to verify the general formability and the accuracy of the flattenings. Since yarns are pulled through the textile structure in the novel forming process, the required tensile forces and the pulling lengths of the individual yarns are analyzed with a meso-scale FEM model. The flattening for two different node structures is realized successfully, and the simulation proves formability. Furthermore, the necessary forming forces are determined. Finally, the developed method for flattening the 3D geometry is suitable for the design of a variety of spatial node structures and the simulation supports the design of automated forming processes.
“…After the initial peak load point, the yarn uncrimping stopped and the yarn translation occurred wherein the load oscillated and continued until it gradually dropped to zero (refer Figure 6(b)). 26,27 The yarn translation phase (called kinetic friction region) constituted of yarn pulling through all the crossover intersections in the fabric. This phase displayed oscillating load behaviour wherein the drop in load was indicative of yarn pulled out of the intersection and the rise in load was indicative of the yarn moving in to the next intersection.…”
Section: Interyarn Friction Properties Of Fabricsmentioning
The interyarn friction properties of fabrics can be enhanced by appropriate surface treatment of fibers. This study focuses on evaluating the interyarn friction properties of Kevlar and Glass fabrics that were coated with ZnO nanowires through different growth cycles. ZnO nanowires were coated onto woven Kevlar and Glass fabrics through a low temperature hydrothermal solution method. Longer growth time coupled with periodic refreshing of growth solution and washing of fabrics was found to be a favorable condition for uniform and precipitate free growth of ZnO nanowires. The effects of ZnO nanowire coating on the tensile and interyarn friction properties of fabrics were measured. In general, after ZnO nanowire coatings, Kevlar fabrics remained equally flexible as that of bare fabric while Glass fabrics became relatively stiff and brittle. The interyarn friction properties of Kevlar fabrics were found to be high under 100 N transverse tension while the transverse tension was found to have negligible or insignificant effect on the interyarn friction properties of Glass fabrics that were used in this research. Compared to bare fabric, Kevlar fabric coated with ZnO nanowires for extended duration showed 266% and 293% increase in yarn pull out load and energy, respectively under 100 N tension. Compared to bare fabric, Glass fabric coated with ZnO nanowires for extended duration showed 517% and 376% increase in yarn pull out load and energy, respectively under 5 N tension. These significant improvements in interyarn friction properties were attributed to mechanical interlocking and accumulation of ZnO nanowires at the intersection of yarns.
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