“…It has been estimated that up to 25% of dialysis patient hospitalizations are related to vascular-access-related complications, and the cost of maintenance of the haemodialysis access has exceeded 1 billion USD in the USA [4, 5]. The advent of interventional radiology and a broadening of its applications, including the use of angioplasty, thrombolysis, mechanical thrombectomy and stent insertion, has been increasingly used as first line, to salvage thrombosed conduits, firstly in AVGs and more recently in AVFs [6,7,8,9,10,11]. Turmel-Rodrigues et al [6] reported 12-month primary patency rates of 49, 9 and 14% for forearm fistulas, upper-arm fistulas and prosthetic grafts, respectively, following radiological intervention for thrombosed vascular access.…”