“…It is also an excellent electrode material that can be used for the conversion of light energy into electrical energy because of its semiconductor properties. Its wide applications such as supercapacitors, dye-sensitized solar cells, quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells, lithium ion batteries, photoelectrolysis, water splitting, biosensors, photochromic devices, self-cleaning, and extremely thin absorber (ETA) solar cells have already been explored [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] . TiO 2 films can be synthesized by many chemical and physical deposition techniques, such as chemical vapor deposition, spin coating or spin casting, atomic layer deposition, molecular beam epitaxy, sputtering, cathodic arc deposition, electrospray deposition, sol-gel process 18 .…”