Single dose of 1.5 mg Levonorgestrel for emergency contraception

Okewole, Idris A.; Arowojolu, Ayodele O.

doi:10.1016/j.ijgo.2004.12.022

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Finally, we cannot be certain what the expected ectopic pregnancy rate would have been in the particular populations studied if subjects had not been treated with emergency contraceptive pills. We found it notable that two of the three ectopic pregnancies among the mifepristone recipients occurred in one study arm in which only six pregnancies were reported (151), but these pregnancies did not occur at the same study site and therefore do not in themselves raise particular concerns about differential ascertainment of pregnancy location.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Ectopic Pregnancy and Emergency Contraceptive Pills

Cleland

Raymond

Trussell

et al. 2010

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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Objective To evaluate the existing data to estimate the rate of ectopic pregnancy among emergency contraceptive pill treatment failures. Data Sources Our initial reference list was generated from a 2008 Cochrane review of emergency contraception. In August 2009, we searched Biosys Previews, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Medline, Global Health Database, Health Source: Popline, and Wanfang Data (a Chinese database). Methods of Study Selection This study included data from 136 studies which followed a defined population of women treated one time with emergency contraceptive pills (either mifepristone or levonorgestrel), and in which the number and location of pregnancies were ascertained. Results Data from each article were abstracted independently by two reviewers. In the studies of mifepristone, 3 out of 494 (0.6%) pregnancies were ectopic; in the levonorgestrel studies, 3 out of 307 (1%) were ectopic. Conclusion The rate of ectopic pregnancy when treatment with emergency contraceptive pills fails does not exceed the rate observed in the general population. Since emergency contraceptive pills are effective in lowering the risk of pregnancy, their use should reduce the chance that an act of intercourse will result in ectopic pregnancy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 85%

Ectopic Pregnancy and Emergency Contraceptive Pills

Cleland

Raymond

Trussell

et al. 2010

Obstetrics &Amp; Gynecology

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“…The morning-after pill can prevent unintended pregnancies if correctly used within few days of unprotected sex [42][43][44][45][46] . However, maybe as a result of misinformation and scarce knowledge, the morning-after pill has not proven to be effective in reducing unintended pregnancies or influencing the rates of abortions [42][43][44] .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Birth control knowledge among freshmen of four Italian universities

Cegolon

Bortolotto

Bellizzi³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Since sexual health education (SHE) is not mandatory in Italian schools, we conducted a survey on freshmen of four Italian university campuses in 2012 to investigate the respective level of sexual health knowledge (SHK) in relation to birth control, with the aim to inform public health policy makers. A convenience strategy was employed to sample 4,552 freshmen registered with various undergraduate courses at four Italian universities: Padua university (Veneto Region); university of Milan (Lombardy Region); university of Bergamo (Lombardy Region); university of Palermo (Sicily Region). We investigated the level of SHK on birth control using 6 proxy indicators: (1) the average length of a woman’s period [outcome with 3 levels: wrong (base) vs. acceptable vs. correct]; (2) the most fertile interval within a woman’s period (binary outcome: correct vs. wrong answer); (3) the event between the end of a period and the beginning of the next cycle (binary outcome: correct vs. wrong answer); (4) the average survival of spermatozoa in the womb (binary outcome: correct vs. wrong answer); (5) the concept of contraception (binary outcome: correct vs. wrong answer); (6) the efficacy of various contraceptives to prevent unintended pregnancies (linear score: 0–17). We fitted 6 separate models of multiple regression: multinomial for outcome 1; logistic for outcomes 2, 3, 4, 6; linear for outcome 6. Statistical estimates were adjusted for a number of socio-demographic factors. Results were expressed as odds ratios (OR) for the 4 multiple logistic regression models, linear coefficients (RC) for the linear regression model and relative risk ratio (RRR) for the multinomial logistic regression model. The level of significance of each risk estimate was set at 0.05. The level of SHK of freshmen sampled was rather low, as 60% interviewees did not know the average length of a woman’s period, the average survival of spermatozoa in the womb and the concept of contraception, whilst the most fertile interval within a woman’s period was known only to 55% of interviewees. The mean score of SHK on the efficacy of various contraceptive methods was only 5 (scale 0–17). Some categories of students were consistently and significantly less knowledgeable on birth control at multivariable analysis: males; students from the university of Palermo; those with vocational secondary school education and those not in a romantic relationship at the time the survey was conducted. The results of this survey clearly call for the introduction of SHE programs in Italian schools, as already done in several European countries. School SHE should start as early as possible, ideally even before secondary school. SHE should be holistic and delivered with a multiple agency coordinated approach involving the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, University and Scientific Research (MIUR), families, schools, public health departments, primary health care providers, pharmacists, media, other.

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“…Emergency contraception is a method that can prevent pregnancy if used correctly a few days after unprotected sexual intercourse or due to contraceptive failure [ 12 – 16 ]. However, EC has not been demonstrated to lead to a population-level reduction in unintended pregnancy and induced abortion [ 12 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unplanned pregnancy-risks and use of emergency contraception: a survey of two Nigerian Universities

Ajayi

Nwokocha

Adeniyi

et al. 2017

BMC Health Serv Res

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BackgroundThe vulnerabilities of young women of low socio-economic status and those with little or no formal education tend to dominate the discourse on unplanned pregnancy, unsafe abortion and emergency contraception (EC) in sub-Saharan Africa. This article draws on a survey conducted among female undergraduate students to shed light on sexual behaviour and the dynamics of emergency contraceptive use among this cohort.MethodsThe survey involved 420 female undergraduate students drawn using a multistage sampling technique, while a self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Univariate and bivariate analyses were applied to examine the factors associated with the use of emergency contraception.ResultsOf the 176 female students who reported being sexually active in the year preceding the survey, only 38.6% reported the use of condom during the entire year. Of those who reported unplanned pregnancy anxiety n = 94, about 30.1% used EC, 20.4% used non-EC pills as EC, while others reported having used no EC. A few respondents (n = 3) had terminated a pregnancy under unsafe conditions. Awareness of EC (p < 0.001), knowledge of timing of EC (p = 0.001), perceived risk of unplanned pregnancy (p < 0.001), and level of study (p = 0.013), were significantly correlated with the use of EC.ConclusionThe study revealed that educated youths engaged in high-risk sexual activities and also, sought recourse to unproven and unsafe contraceptive methods. Poor knowledge of EC methods and timing of use, as well as wrong perception about EC side effects, are barriers to the utilisation of EC for the prevention of unplanned pregnancy among the study participants.

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Single dose of 1.5 mg Levonorgestrel for emergency contraception

Cited by 10 publications

References 4 publications

Ectopic Pregnancy and Emergency Contraceptive Pills

Ectopic Pregnancy and Emergency Contraceptive Pills

Birth control knowledge among freshmen of four Italian universities

Unplanned pregnancy-risks and use of emergency contraception: a survey of two Nigerian Universities

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