Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater and in vitro antibacterial activity against Aeromonas salmonicida

Samuelsen, Ole Bent; Ervik, Arne; Pursell, Lisa; Smith, Pete

doi:10.1016/s0044-8486(00)00315-x

Cited by 35 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…No data is available on tissue elimination of flumequine and oxolinic acid in larger turbot, but in fish of approximately 500 g held at 16 ∘ C, Poher and Blanc (1998) found a plasma t 1/2 β value of 20.4 h for flumequine. Furthermore, Hansen and Horsberg (1999) calculated a plasma t 1/2 β value of 43 h for flumequine in turbot with an average weight of 210 g and held at 18 ∘ C. Assuming that the difference in elimination kinetics of drugs from plasma compared with tissues is minor in turbot, as is described for Atlantic salmon (Rogstad et al 1993; Elema et al 1994; Samuelsen et al 2000b), then a difference in elimination kinetics is indicated between small and larger turbot, a phenomenon that has also been described for Atlantic halibut (Samuelsen and Lunestad 1996; Samuelsen and Ervik 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Administration of the antibacterial agents flumequine and oxolinic acid to small turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) by bath

Samuelsen¹

2003

Journal of Applied Ichthyology

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Summary Administration of flumequine and oxolinic acid to turbot, Scophthalmus maximus L., by bath resulted in significant levels of both drugs in the muscle tissue. Bath treatment using 150 mg L−1 of flumequine and 200 mg L−1 of oxolinic acid for 72 h gave muscle concentrations of 10.2 and 6.2 μg g−1, respectively. Excretion of both antibacterials was rapid, reaching concentrations of 0.8 and 0.9 μg g−1, respectively, for flumequine and oxolinic acid 24 h after the end of treatment. At day 3 post‐treatment the concentration of flumequine was below the limit of quantitation (0.1 μg g−1) of the analytical method. Based on a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.0625 μg ml−1 for susceptible strains, bath treatment maintain muscle levels in excess of 0.5 μg ml−1, corresponding to eight times the MIC‐value for approximately 118 h for oxolinic acid and 104 h for flumequine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Administration of the antibacterial agents flumequine and oxolinic acid to small turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) by bath

Samuelsen¹

2003

Journal of Applied Ichthyology

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“…This drug possesses excellent activity against fish pathogens and has been used to treat systemic bacterial infections in fish for years (Austin, Rayment & Alderman 1983; Rodgers & Austin 1983; Samuelsen, Hjeltnes & Torkildsen 1999). The bioavailability of oxolinic acid in fish is, however, moderate and varies from 15% in Atlantic halibut to 21.4–44% in Atlantic salmon (Martinsen 1993; Samuelsen & Ervik 1999; Samuelsen, Ervik, Pursell & Smith 2000). Malabsorption as the result of unfavourable pH values in the intestine of fish has been suggested as one of the possible reasons for this moderate bioavailability (Elema, Hoff & Kristensen 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Malabsorption as the result of unfavourable pH values in the intestine of fish has been suggested as one of the possible reasons for this moderate bioavailability (Elema, Hoff & Kristensen 1994). By administering oxolinic acid as the carbitol ester (vetoquinol), where the acid group is disguised, the bioavailability of oxolinic acid increased in both Atlantic salmon and Atlantic halibut (Samuelsen & Ervik 1999; Samuelsen et al. 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A single‐dose pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in cod, Gadus morhua L., held in sea water at 8 °C and in vitro antibacterial activity of oxolinic acid against Vibrio anguillarum strains isolated from diseased cod

Samuelsen¹,

Bergh²,

Ervik³

2003

Journal of Fish Diseases

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The pharmacokinetic properties of the antibacterial agent oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, the carbitol ester of oxolinic acid, were studied after intravenous (i.v.) and oral (p.o.) administration to 100-150 g cod, Gadus morhua L., held in sea water at 8 degrees C. Following i.v. injection, the plasma drug concentration-time profile showed two distinct phases. The distribution half-life (t1/2alpha) was estimated at 1.3 h, the elimination half-life (t1/2beta) as 84 h and the total body clearance (Cl(T)) as 0.047 L kg(-1) h(-1). The volume of distribution at steady state, Vd(ss) was calculated to be 5.5 L kg(-1), indicating good tissue penetration of oxolinic acid in cod. Following p.o. administration of oxolinic acid or vetoquinol, the peak plasma concentrations (C(max)) of oxolinic acid and the time to peak plasma concentrations (T(max) were estimated to be 1.2 and 2.5 microg mL(-1) and 24 and 12 h, respectively. The bioavailabilities of oxolinic acid following p.o. administration of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol were calculated to be 55 and 72%, respectively. The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of oxolinic acid against three strains of Vibrio anguillarum isolated from diseased cod were 0.016 microg mL(-1) (HI-610), 0.250 microg mL(-1) (HI-618) and 0.250 microg mL(-1) (HI-A21). Based on a MIC value of 0.016 microg mmL(-1) a single p.o. administration of 25 mg kg(-1) of oxolinic acid maintains plasma levels in excess of 0.064 microg mL(-1), corresponding to four times the MIC-value, for approximately 12 days. The analogous value for a single p.o. dose of 25 mg kg(-1) of oxolinic acid administered as vetoquinol was 13 days.

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“…1994; Samuelsen et al. 1997, 2000). The pesticide residues in wild fauna are also a matter of concern (Davies et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impact of a salmonid farm on a well flushed marine site: I. Current and water quality

Merceron

Kempf²,

Bentley³

et al. 2002

J Appl Ichthyol

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The impact of a common brown trout farm on water quality was investigated at a site well flushed by lapping and tidal current. Dissolved oxygen, suspended matter, phosphate, nitrite and nitrate were seemingly not affected by the farm. High concentrations of ammonia were clearly observed close to the raft, but rapidly vanished a short distance from it, when the fish biomass was at least 576 tonnes. At that time the nitrogen loadings from the farm were estimated at 101 kg/day. On the site, phytoplankton was similar to that of the nearby French coastal area of the English Channel, concerning generic composition (extensively dominated by diatoms) and the seasonal succession of genera. The farm did not cause any increase of faecal coliform bacteria. At this stock level, the dispersal characteristics of the farm site greatly reduced its apparent impact on the water quality.

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Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) held in seawater and in vitro antibacterial activity against Aeromonas salmonicida

Cited by 35 publications

References 22 publications

Administration of the antibacterial agents flumequine and oxolinic acid to small turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) by bath

Administration of the antibacterial agents flumequine and oxolinic acid to small turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) by bath

A single‐dose pharmacokinetic study of oxolinic acid and vetoquinol, an oxolinic acid ester, in cod, Gadus morhua L., held in sea water at 8 °C and in vitro antibacterial activity of oxolinic acid against Vibrio anguillarum strains isolated from diseased cod

Environmental impact of a salmonid farm on a well flushed marine site: I. Current and water quality

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