Drug delivery systems (DDSs) play an important role in
delivering
active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to targeted sites with a
predesigned release pattern. The chemical and biological properties
of APIs and excipients have been extensively studied for their contribution
to DDS quality and effectiveness; however, the structural characteristics
of DDSs have not been adequately explored. Structure pharmaceutics
involves the study of the structure of DDSs, especially the three-dimensional
(3D) structures, and its interaction with the physiological and pathological
structure of organisms, possibly influencing their release kinetics
and targeting abilities. A systematic overview of the structures of
a variety of dosage forms, such as tablets, granules, pellets, microspheres,
powders, and nanoparticles, is presented. Moreover, the influence
of structures on the release and targeting capability of DDSs has
also been discussed, especially the in vitro and in vivo release correlation and the structure-based organ-
and tumor-targeting capabilities of particles with different structures.
Additionally, an in-depth discussion is provided regarding the application
of structural strategies in the DDSs design and evaluation. Furthermore,
some of the most frequently used characterization techniques in structure
pharmaceutics are briefly described along with their potential future
applications.