“…This configuration has the disadvantage that large supercurrents are induced around the perimeter when the device is rotated in an ambient field. Knappe et al (1992), Zakosarenko et al (1994), Daalmans et al (1995), Schultze, Stolz et al (1997), have all made single-layer, first-derivative gradiometers of this kind, using dc SQUIDs with either step-edge or bicrystal junctions. The baselines are limited by the size of the substrate to about 5 mm, and the best gradient sensitivities are about 50 pT m Ϫ1 Hz Ϫ1/2 .…”