Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family verprolin homologous protein 1 (WAVE1) regulates actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex-mediated actin polymerization. Our previous studies have found WAVE1 to be inhibited by Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation in brain and to play a role in the regulation of dendritic spine morphology. Here we report that mice in which WAVE1 was knocked out (KO) in neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor (D1-KO), but not mice where WAVE1 was knocked out in neurons expressing the D2 dopamine receptor (D2-KO), exhibited a significant decrease in place preference associated with cocaine. In contrast to wild-type (WT) and WAVE1 D2-KO mice, cocaine-induced sensitized locomotor behavior was not maintained in WAVE1 D1-KO mice. After chronic cocaine administration and following withdrawal, an acute cocaine challenge induced WAVE1 activation in striatum, which was assessed by dephosphorylation. The cocaine-induced WAVE1 dephosphorylation was attenuated by coadministration of either a D1 dopamine receptor or NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist. Upon an acute challenge of cocaine following chronic cocaine exposure and withdrawal, we also observed in WT, but not in WAVE1 D1-KO mice, a decrease in dendritic spine density and a decrease in the frequency of excitatory postsynaptic AMPA receptor currents in medium spiny projection neurons expressing the D1 dopamine receptor (D1-MSNs) in the nucleus accumbens. These results suggest that WAVE1 is involved selectively in D1-MSNs in cocaine-evoked neuronal activitymediated feedback regulation of glutamatergic synapses.W iskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASP) family verprolin homologous protein (WAVE) initiates de novo actin polymerization through its ability to activate the actin-related protein 2/3 (Arp2/3) complex (1). Three members of the family (WAVE1-3) exist, with WAVE1 being highly expressed in brain (2). WAVE1 was purified from bovine or rat brain as part of a heteropentameric protein complex together with PIR121 [also called cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 2, (Cyfip2)], Nck-associated protein 1 (Nckap1), Abl-interactor 2 (Abi2), and HSPC300 (3, 4). Whereas WAVE1 plays a key role in Arp2/3 complex binding and actin polymerization, other protein components in the complex are important for its subcellular localization and interaction with upstream ligands or activators (5, 6).In our initial study in striatum, the WAVE1 complex was found to interact with p35, the regulatory subunit of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) (4). Phosphorylation of WAVE1 at Ser310, Ser397, and Ser441 by Cdk5/p35, in the complex purified from rat brain, or with recombinant WAVE1, resulted in inhibition of actin polymerization in vitro (4). We also observed that the stoichiometry of WAVE1 phosphorylation by Cdk5 is high in brain, suggestive of the protein being largely inactive under basal conditions (4). However, studies using mouse striatal slices indicated that WAVE1 can be dephosphorylated at all three Cdk5 sites and thereby activated upon stimulation of D1 dopa...