Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping and Distribution of Coxiella burnetii Strains from Field Samples in Belgium

Pozzo, Fabiana Dal; Renaville, B.; Martinelle, Ludovic; Renaville, Robert; Thys, Christine; Smeets, François; Kirschvink, Nathalie; Grégoire, Fabien; Delooz, Laurent; Czaplicki, Guy; Saegerman, Claude

doi:10.1128/aem.02799-15

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…The abovementioned factors, such as animal purchase or grazing in communal pastures, can favor not only C. burnetii infection but also the probability of infection with more than one genotype. The presence of several Coxiella genotypes in a farm has been previously described (9,(44)(45)(46). Here, only one genotype was detected in flocks 1 and 4, whereas in flocks 2 and 3, three and two different genotypes were detected, respectively.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Monitoring Coxiella burnetii Infection in Naturally Infected Dairy Sheep Flocks Throughout Four Lambing Seasons and Investigation of Viable Bacteria

et al. 2020

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Progression of Coxiella burnetii infection in four naturally infected sheep flocks, and in their farm environment, was monitored throughout four lambing seasons. Flocks with an active infection were selected based on the presence of C. burnetii DNA in bulk-tank milk (BTM) and a high seroprevalence in yearlings during the previous milking period (Spring 2015). During four consecutive lambing seasons (2015/16-2018/19), samples were collected within 1 week after each lambing period from animals (vaginal swabs, milk and feces from ewes, and yearlings) and the environment (dust indoor sheep premises). BTM samples and aerosols (outdoors and indoors) were monthly collected between lambing and the end of milking. Real-time PCR analyses showed different trends in C. burnetii shedding in the flocks, with a general progressive decrease in bacterial shedding throughout the years, interrupted in three flocks by peaks of reinfection associated with specific management practices. A significant relationship was found between C. burnetii fecal shedding and the bacterial burden detected in dust, whereas shedding by vaginal route affected the detection of C. burnetii in indoor aerosols. Three genotypes were identified: SNP8 (three flocks, 52.9% of the samples), SNP1 (two flocks, 44.8% samples), and SNP5 (one flock, two environmental samples). Coxiella burnetii viability in dust measured by culture in Vero cells was demonstrated in two of the flocks, even during the fourth lambing season. The results showed that infection can remain active for over 5 years if effective control and biosafety measures are not correctly implemented.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Monitoring Coxiella burnetii Infection in Naturally Infected Dairy Sheep Flocks Throughout Four Lambing Seasons and Investigation of Viable Bacteria

et al. 2020

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“…Environmental samples may also be useful for studying the genetic diversity of C. burnetii strains present on ruminant farms (Dal Pozzo et al., ; de Bruin, van Alphen, et al., ; Kersh et al., ; Pinero, Barandika, Garcia‐Perez, & Hurtado, ) and for investigating the source of human Q fever outbreaks (Bond et al., ; Gyuranecz et al., ; Hurtado et al., ). Because the human infection is related to inhalation of aerosols and dust particles, air sampling may be of particular interest to reflect the risk of human exposure, essentially after the peak of abortions, when the highest bacterial load in air is detected (Alvarez‐Alonso et al., ; Dal Pozzo et al., ; Joulie et al., ). Finally, genetic studies on environmental samples might also reveal the existence of new strains of C. burnetii , which could help decipher the complex evolutionary history of the Coxiella genus (Duron et al., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms

Carrié

Barry

Rousset

et al. 2019

Transbound Emerg Dis

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Summary Q fever is a zoonotic abortive disease of ruminants mostly transmitted by inhalation of aerosols contaminated by Coxiella burnetii. Clusters of cases or even epidemics regularly occur in humans but, to date, there is no consensus about the best way to carry out outbreak investigations in order to identify potential farms at risk. Although environmental samples might be useful during such investigations, there are few baseline data on the presence of C. burnetii in the environment of ruminant farms. We thus investigated dust samples from cattle, sheep and goat farm buildings in order to (a) estimate C. burnetii detection frequency and bacterial loads in the environment, and (b) determine whether this environmental contamination is associated with series of abortions attributed to Q fever. We considered 113 herds with a recent abortive episode potentially related (n = 60) or not (n = 53) to C. burnetii. Dust was sampled using a swab cloth and tested by a quantitative PCR method targeting the IS1111 gene. Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected on 9 of 50 cattle farms, 13 of 19 goat farms and 30 of 40 sheep farms. On 16 cloths, bacterial loads were higher than 108 genome equivalents, levels as high as in infectious materials such as placentas and aborted foetuses. Overall, the probability of detecting C. burnetii DNA was higher on small ruminant farms than cattle farms, in herds suspected of Q fever and in large herds. We conclude that swab cloths are a putative indicator of contamination of ruminant farms by C. burnetii.

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“…Detection of SNPs by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) was performed in 14 human and 26 animal samples, allowing identification of five different genotypes. This method has also been used in Belgium and in the United States for livestock and tick strains (178,(194)(195)(196). Karlsson et al developed an SNP genotyping method targeting 10 phylogenetically stable synonymous canonical SNPs (canSNPs) (197).…”

Section: Comparative Genomics and Pangenomic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

From Q Fever to Coxiella burnetii Infection: a Paradigm Change

et al. 2017

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Coxiella burnetii is the agent of Q fever, or "query fever," a zoonosis first described in Australia in 1937. Since this first description, knowledge about this pathogen and its associated infections has increased dramatically. We review here all the progress made over the last 20 years on this topic. C. burnetii is classically a strict intracellular, Gram-negative bacterium. However, a major step in the characterization of this pathogen was achieved by the establishment of its axenic culture. C. burnetii infects a wide range of animals, from arthropods to humans. The genetic determinants of virulence are now better known, thanks to the achievement of determining the genome sequences of several strains of this species and comparative genomic analyses. Q fever can be found worldwide, but the epidemiological features of this disease vary according to the geographic area considered, including situations where it is endemic or hyperendemic, and the occurrence of large epidemic outbreaks. In recent years, a major breakthrough in the understanding of the natural history of human infection with C. burnetii was the breaking of the old dichotomy between "acute" and "chronic" Q fever. The clinical presentation of C. burnetii infection depends on both the virulence of the infecting C. burnetii strain and specific risks factors in the infected patient. Moreover, no persistent infection can exist without a focus of infection. This paradigm change should allow better diagnosis and management of primary infection and long-term complications in patients with C. burnetii infection.

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Genotyping and Distribution of Coxiella burnetii Strains from Field Samples in Belgium

Cited by 9 publications

References 27 publications

Monitoring Coxiella burnetii Infection in Naturally Infected Dairy Sheep Flocks Throughout Four Lambing Seasons and Investigation of Viable Bacteria

Monitoring Coxiella burnetii Infection in Naturally Infected Dairy Sheep Flocks Throughout Four Lambing Seasons and Investigation of Viable Bacteria

Swab cloths as a tool for revealing environmental contamination by Q fever in ruminant farms

From Q Fever to Coxiella burnetii Infection: a Paradigm Change

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